Educational Technology and Change Journal

By Jim Shimabukuro (assisted by Gemini)
Editor

(Also see Libraries Are Reinventing Themselves.)

Introduction: I broached the topic for this article — the status of state, community, school, and college libraries — in a prompt* presented to a number of chatbots, and most balked and responded with sketchy outlines. The exception was Gemini, who took the time to deep dive into this complex and, arguably, sensitive topic. The report is published in full below with zero editing (except for the size reduction of main heads). The superscript numbers in Gemini’s on-screen report refer to paragraph-end links that didn’t transfer to ETC Journal. Thus, they don’t link to specific references. -js

Gemini’s report:

The Evolving Nexus: Libraries as Dynamic Information Hubs in the Digital and AI Era

I. Executive Summary

Libraries, encompassing state, community, school, and academic institutions, are undergoing a profound and dynamic transformation to maintain and enhance their relevance in an era dominated by digital information and artificial intelligence (AI). Far from diminishing, their role as essential information and community hubs has expanded, shifting from mere repositories of physical materials to multifaceted centers for digital access, creative innovation, social support, and ethical technological engagement. This report details the current status of these diverse library types, highlighting their innovative adaptations and the specific examples of institutions and individuals leading this evolution. The analysis reveals that libraries are not only adapting to new technological realities but are actively shaping societal engagement with information, fostering digital equity, and providing critical community services, thereby solidifying their indispensable position in a rapidly changing world.

II. Introduction: Redefining the Library in the 21st Century

Libraries have long stood as foundational pillars of society, serving as trusted centers for knowledge dissemination, cultural preservation, and community engagement. Historically, their primary function revolved around providing access to physical collections and facilitating human-mediated information exchange. This enduring mission has cultivated a unique position of trust within communities, making libraries indispensable institutions for learning and intellectual growth.

The contemporary landscape, however, presents a dramatically altered informational environment. The pervasive shift from hardcopy to digital formats, coupled with the rapid emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and its influence on information processing—moving from human-to-human to AI-to-human interactions—compels a reevaluation of traditional library functions. This technological evolution introduces both significant challenges and unprecedented opportunities for libraries to redefine their value proposition. The central question is whether these institutions can still serve as the vibrant hubs for information they once were, or if their role is irrevocably diminished by the digital tide.

This report posits that libraries are not merely reacting to these profound changes but are proactively innovating, leveraging new technologies and expanding their service paradigms to remain vital and indispensable information and community hubs. This active transformation is evident across state, community, school, and academic libraries, each adapting its core mission to the demands of the digital and AI era. The following sections will explore these transformations, anchoring the discussion in specific examples and examining the broader implications of these evolving roles.

III. The Enduring Relevance and Current Status of Libraries

A. Public and Community Libraries

Public and community libraries continue to demonstrate remarkable resilience and adaptability, maintaining their core functions while embracing new demands. Patron perceptions and usage patterns reveal a sustained appreciation for traditional services alongside a growing appetite for digital offerings. A 2013 Pew Research Center survey indicated that 80% of Americans consider borrowing books and the assistance of reference librarians “very important” services.¹ Similarly, 77% deem free access to computers and the internet “very important”.¹ This dual emphasis underscores that while digital access is crucial, the human element of librarianship and the enduring value of physical collections remain highly regarded.

Public interest in expanding digital library services is substantial, with 37% of Americans expressing they would “very likely” use an “ask a librarian” online service, and an additional 36% “somewhat likely”.¹ App-based access to library materials also garners significant interest, with 35% “very likely” and 28% “somewhat likely” to use such services.¹ These figures highlight a clear public desire for convenient, technology-driven access points. Despite the changing information landscape, library use has remained stable or increased for many patrons; 52% of recent library users reported no significant change in their library use over the past five years, while 26% reported an increase.¹ This challenges the narrative of declining relevance, indicating successful adaptation for a considerable segment of the population.

Beyond mere borrowing, patrons visit libraries for diverse purposes: 50% seek help from a librarian, 49% utilize the space for reading or studying, and 46% access research databases.¹ This multifaceted engagement underscores the continued importance of human expertise and curated information access within the physical library space. However, a notable challenge lies in public awareness, as only 22% of Americans are familiar with “all or most” of the services their libraries offer.¹ This suggests that while profound changes are occurring and impacting users, the full scope of library evolution is not yet widely recognized by the general public. This situation points to a “quiet revolution” in public library relevance, where libraries are not just retaining their importance but deepening it by evolving to meet contemporary needs, even if their public image lags behind their actual offerings.

Libraries are increasingly at the forefront of bridging the digital divide and expanding their roles as comprehensive community support centers. Nearly half of public libraries (46.9%) now offer internet hotspots for checkout, representing a significant 14.4% increase since 2020.² This direct provision of connectivity is a critical intervention in communities with limited broadband access. Digital literacy training is almost universally available, with 95.3% of public libraries offering some form of formal or informal instruction, and nearly 30% providing digital navigator programs to assist patrons with digital skills.² This positions libraries as essential educators in navigating the complexities of the digital world.

The expansion into critical social support roles is redefining the “hub” status of libraries to encompass social capital and community well-being, not just intellectual resources. Many libraries now offer health and wellness resources, including yoga and fitness classes, mindfulness workshops, health screenings, and even access to medical devices such as blood pressure monitors.⁴ These initiatives serve as a “lifeline for underserved communities”.⁴ Furthermore, collaboration with social service agencies is growing, with libraries assisting patrons with housing applications, legal aid, and access to social programs.⁴ Some institutions, like the San Francisco Public Library, have taken the innovative step of employing full-time social workers to directly address patrons’ needs.⁴ Data also indicates that African-Americans and Hispanics are more likely to consider libraries important to them and their families and to access the internet there, underscoring the vital role libraries play in promoting equitable access and social inclusion for marginalized populations.¹ This expansion into direct social assistance signifies a fundamental shift, leveraging their trusted, accessible physical spaces to become integral components of the social safety net.

The following table summarizes key public library services and their perceived importance and adoption rates:

Service/Activity	% of Americans Rating as ‘Very Important’ 1	% of Americans ‘Very/Somewhat Likely to Use’ (for new services) 1	Percentage of Libraries Offering (for new services) 2
Borrowing Books	80%	N/A	N/A
Reference Librarians	80%	N/A	N/A
Free Access to Computers & Internet	77%	N/A	98% (Wi-Fi) 7
Online “Ask a Librarian” Service	N/A	73% (37% very, 36% somewhat)	N/A
App-based Access to Materials/Programs	N/A	63% (35% very, 28% somewhat)	95% (e-books/e-audiobooks) 2
“Redbox”-style Lending Kiosks	N/A	63% (33% very, 30% somewhat)	N/A
Hotspot Lending	N/A	N/A	46.9% (14.4% increase from 2020) 2
Digital Literacy Training	N/A	N/A	95.3% 2
Americans aware of “all or most” services offered	22%	N/A	N/A

Table 1: Key Public Library Services and Patron Importance

B. State Libraries

State libraries play a pivotal, albeit often less visible, role in the broader library ecosystem, particularly in the realm of digital preservation, access to government records, and the implementation of statewide digital initiatives. These institutions are undertaking a critical function in preserving and making accessible the digital heritage and governmental information of their respective states.

A prime example is the California State Library’s Digital Concierge Program (DCP), which functions as a specialized center for content creation, digitization, and digital preservation.⁸ Its core mission is to preserve and share collections that are currently “hidden throughout California state government” and within the State Library itself.⁸ The DCP provides expert consultation and advice to state agencies on best practices and standards for digitizing and preserving historical and cultural materials, especially those at risk of damage or loss.⁸ The program actively manages comprehensive digitization projects, from identifying and preparing materials to overseeing quality assurance, coordinating with vendors, and performing in-house digitization of rare or fragile items.⁸ A crucial output of the DCP’s efforts is providing public online access to these newly digitized materials, often promoting them via platforms like Google Arts & Culture.⁸ This work exemplifies how state libraries are moving beyond being mere physical archives to becoming active digital curators and publishers, ensuring long-term access to critical public and historical data.

Beyond the DCP, California Revealed is a broader statewide initiative that supports California’s heritage organizations in digitizing and providing long-term online access and preservation for collections significant to the state’s history.⁹ This initiative offers free digitization and online hosting, with a particular focus on prioritizing collections that reflect traditionally underrepresented communities.⁹ This indicates that digital initiatives at the state level fulfill a dual purpose: expanding access in the present while simultaneously safeguarding cultural and historical records for future generations, thereby integrating a core archival mission within the digital paradigm.

The Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS), a federal agency, plays a critical role in fostering such digital initiatives nationwide by providing grants for innovative projects and operational support to libraries, archives, and museums across all 50 states and U.S. territories.¹⁰ This federal support is instrumental in enabling state libraries to undertake large-scale digital transformation projects. For instance, state libraries also facilitate broader digital access through initiatives like California’s “Ebooks for all California,” which provides a statewide eBook collection accessible to anyone with a California public library card and an internet connection.¹¹ The consistent mention of LSTA (Library Services and Technology Act) funding ⁹ and the role of IMLS ¹⁰ in supporting these state-level digitization and digital initiatives reveals a crucial dependency on federal and state grants. This underscores that the innovative transformations observed are not solely driven by local initiatives but are significantly enabled by a broader, multi-level funding ecosystem. This implies that sustained digital transformation across the library landscape requires consistent policy and financial support from federal and state entities, highlighting the economic implications of maintaining relevance and expanding services in the digital age.

C. School Libraries

School libraries are fundamentally redefining their roles within educational institutions, transforming from traditional book repositories into dynamic learning commons and centers for digital literacy. They are increasingly seen as “innovation centers” and the “hub of the school,” playing a pivotal role in blending traditional literacy with technology to prepare students for the digital future.¹²

School librarians are recognized as leaders in technology integration, digital citizenship, and media literacy.¹⁴ Their evolving responsibilities include teaching students how to critically evaluate information, navigate information overload, and discern fact from fiction in a complex digital environment.¹⁶ The Kentucky Education Technology System (KETS) Master Plan (2024-2030) explicitly aligns with the school librarian’s role by emphasizing effective technology integration, digital equity, and innovative learning experiences, including coding and computer science.¹⁴ This positions school libraries as vital incubators for developing future workforce skills and fostering responsible digital engagement.

The collections within school libraries have also evolved significantly, now encompassing a wide range of genres and formats, including novels, comics, magazines, audiobooks, and digital resources. Platforms like the Sora K-12 reading app have seen substantial usage, demonstrating the successful integration of digital reading materials.²⁰

Makerspaces are a rising trend in school libraries across the United States, encouraging collaboration, invention, and hands-on learning.¹² These spaces often house advanced equipment such as 3D printers, laser engravers, sewing machines, robotics kits, and multimedia production equipment.¹³ Research indicates that students participating in makerspaces demonstrate improved creativity, critical thinking, collaboration, and communication—the “4 Cs” essential for 21st-century success.²³ This transformation into “future-ready” learning laboratories is not merely about providing access to tools but about integrating them into the curriculum to cultivate these essential skills.¹⁴

School librarians provide crucial support to teachers, helping them integrate technology into lesson plans and offering professional development opportunities.¹⁵ This transcends the conventional image of a librarian and positions them as a “pedagogical technologist”—an expert who understands both educational theory and technological application, effectively bridging the gap between innovative tools and learning outcomes. Their involvement in curriculum alignment ¹⁷ and professional development for educators ²⁰ demonstrates a systemic impact on the entire school’s learning environment. Innovative programs include virtual book clubs, student-led writing centers, and workshops on internet and information literacy.¹⁹ The American Association of School Librarians (AASL) recognizes “Best Digital Tools for Teaching & Learning” that promote innovation, creativity, active participation, collaboration, and digital literacy, with awarded tools for 2025 including Beanstack (reading motivation), Canva (visual communication), Code.org (computer science), and MegaMinds (AI exploration and 3D environments).²⁷ The San Diego Central Library’s IDEA Lab Tech Team Internship, a partnership with e3 Civic High School, further exemplifies this by providing teens with training in 21st-century digital literacy skills and exposure to potential careers.²⁹

D. Academic and College Libraries

Academic and college libraries have undergone a significant digital transformation, particularly in the growth of their digital collections, their proactive role in Open Educational Resources (OER), and their expanded research support services. Between 2017 and 2022, the average number of digital/electronic book titles in academic library collections nearly doubled, increasing from 315,213 to 619,805.³⁰ This substantial growth reflects a strategic shift towards providing comprehensive digital holdings to support remote learning and research.³⁰

Beyond collection development, academic libraries are playing an active and critical role in the adoption and creation of Open Educational Resources (OER), which are free teaching and learning materials. Many institutions offer direct support, grants, or incentives to faculty for developing open course materials.³⁰ This initiative is driven by the pressing need to address institutional budget challenges and significantly reduce textbook costs for students, while also providing flexible and customizable resources for instructors.³⁰ This strategic pivot towards facilitating open access to knowledge and research data positions academic libraries not merely as content providers but as active participants in the scholarly communication lifecycle, promoting transparency, reproducibility, and equitable access to research outputs.

Furthermore, academic libraries are increasingly providing sophisticated data management support to researchers. This includes offering guidance on data preservation, data curation, and ensuring compliance with funder requirements for data sharing.³⁰ Some institutions have established dedicated digital scholarship centers, which provide specialized tools and expertise for advanced data analysis, visualization, and digital humanities projects.³⁰ The establishment of these centers further solidifies their role in fostering interdisciplinary research methodologies that increasingly rely on complex data analysis and visualization.

The evolution of physical spaces within academic libraries has also been profound, transforming them into collaborative learning environments. Libraries are designing flexible learning spaces such as group study rooms equipped with whiteboards, monitors, and collaborative technologies, enabling students to work together without disruption.³⁰ Open and configurable seating areas are now common, specifically designed to accommodate group discussions and collaborative work.³⁰ Many academic libraries also feature media production studios where students can collaborate on multimedia projects, including video production and podcast creation.³⁰ To further support these collaborative endeavors, libraries offer loanable technology such as laptops, tablets, cameras, and audio recording devices, alongside access to collaborative software platforms like Google Workspace, Microsoft Teams, or Slack.³⁰ This transformation of academic library physical spaces signifies a shift from a traditional quiet study hall model to an active, hands-on learning laboratory. This directly supports modern pedagogical approaches that emphasize group projects, multimedia creation, and active learning, implying that the library is becoming an integral, dynamic space for knowledge creation and application within the educational process.

IV. Innovative Transformations: Anchoring Relevance in a Changing World

Libraries are not merely adapting to the digital age; they are proactively innovating across multiple dimensions to anchor their relevance and expand their impact. These transformations are characterized by a deep commitment to accessibility, creativity, community well-being, and collaborative learning.

A. Expanding Digital Resource Hubs and Accessibility

The most direct manifestation of library transformation is the expansion of digital resource hubs and enhanced accessibility. Libraries have undergone a “significant digital transformation,” providing patrons with remote access to a vast array of e-books, audiobooks, online journals, and specialized databases through popular platforms such as OverDrive and Libby.⁴ This enables users to borrow digital materials conveniently “without leaving their homes”.⁴ A high percentage of public libraries (95%) now offer e-books and/or e-audiobooks, and 57.5% provide streaming and downloadable media, demonstrating widespread adoption of digital content offerings.² Digital content platforms like PressReader further enhance access by providing thousands of newspapers and magazines from around the world, accessible remotely on mobile devices.³¹ Libraries also continue to provide access to subscription-based academic resources such as JSTOR and ProQuest, which are often prohibitively expensive for individuals.⁴

The scale of this digital lending is impressive: in 2024, libraries worldwide recorded over 739.5 million digital checkouts of e-books, audiobooks, and digital magazines via OverDrive’s Libby and Sora apps, marking a 17% increase over 2023.³² Public libraries alone accounted for 706.3 million checkouts, also a 17% increase, while school libraries saw 56.2 million checkouts, a 15% increase.³² Streaming video on Kanopy similarly reached a record 27.8 million plays, an 18% increase year-over-year.³² A record 192 library systems and consortia surpassed one million digital checkouts in 2024, with the Los Angeles Public Library topping the list.³² This exponential growth in digital usage clearly demonstrates that libraries are no longer confined to their physical buildings; they are actively extending their services into patrons’ homes and communities, effectively creating “virtual branches”.³³ This transformation is driven by user demand for convenience and ubiquitous accessibility, allowing information access from anywhere. This implies a fundamental redefinition of “library space” to encompass digital platforms and remote access points, making library services pervasive rather than location-bound.

To directly address connectivity gaps and promote digital equity, almost half of public libraries (46.9%) now offer internet hotspots for checkout, a significant 14.4% increase from 2020.² The proportion of libraries circulating laptops for off-site use also increased to 24.8% in 2023, up from 16.7% in 2020.³ User interest in convenient access points extends to “Redbox”-style lending machines or kiosks for books, movies, or music, with 33% of Americans expressing they would be “very likely” to use such services without visiting the physical library.¹

A notable case study in digital resource expansion and accessibility is the California State Library’s Digital Concierge Program (DCP) and California Revealed. The DCP is a specialized center for content creation, digitization, and digital preservation, with a core mission to preserve and make accessible collections “hidden throughout California state government” and within the State Library itself.⁸ The program offers consultation services to state agencies on best practices for digitizing and preserving historical and cultural materials, particularly those at risk.⁸ It actively facilitates digitization projects, from identifying and preparing materials to managing workflows and coordinating with vendors, and even performing in-house digitization of rare items. The program ensures public online access to these materials, often promoting them via platforms like Google Arts & Culture.⁸ California Revealed, a broader statewide initiative, supports California’s heritage organizations in digitizing and providing long-term online access and preservation for collections significant to the state’s history.⁹ This initiative offers free digitization and online hosting, prioritizing collections that reflect traditionally underrepresented communities.⁹ These state-level initiatives exemplify how digital transformation serves not only convenience but also a critical function of equitable access to historical and governmental information, particularly for underrepresented communities. Furthermore, digitization is explicitly framed as a vital preservation strategy for “at-risk” materials.⁸ This indicates that digital initiatives fulfill a dual purpose: expanding access in the present while simultaneously safeguarding cultural and historical records for future generations, thereby integrating a core archival mission within the digital paradigm.

B. Makerspaces and Creative Innovation Labs

Libraries are increasingly transforming into dynamic “makerspaces” and creative innovation labs, shifting from passive information consumption to active, hands-on creation and skill development. These spaces are integral to fostering creativity, critical thinking, collaboration, and problem-solving, and they represent a significant evolution in how libraries serve their communities.⁴

Makerspaces offer a diverse range of equipment and activities. Common offerings include 3D printers, laser cutters, sewing machines, virtual reality (VR) equipment, and digital media production studios.³ These spaces enable patrons to engage in activities such as prototyping designs, learning new skills, and collaborating on projects.⁴ For instance, maker production equipment is available in 39.5% of libraries overall, with a higher prevalence in city libraries (74.8%) compared to suburban (50.8%) and town/rural (33.5%) libraries.³ Digital media production equipment is found in 24.6% of libraries overall, with 58.9% in city libraries.³ This expansion positions libraries as experiential learning ecosystems, fostering practical innovation and community problem-solving.

Case Studies in Makerspaces and Innovation Labs:

• Chicago Public Library’s YOUmedia: This program serves as a comprehensive teen space, makerspace, and media lab all in one. It provides access to print and digital collections, technology, 3D printers, still and video cameras, and editing software. Crucially, it also offers mentors to help teens utilize these tools to create their own work, fostering creative and technical skills.⁴
• Boulder Public Library’s Library of Things: This innovative program extends beyond traditional library offerings by lending eco-friendly tools and resources, such as seed packets, gardening equipment, and home energy monitors, promoting sustainability within the community.⁴
• Indian Trails Public Library’s Launch Pad: This creative space facilitates practical solutions for community members. For example, its 3D printer has been used to create keyguards for iPads, assisting speech and language pathologists with their students. Additionally, library staff have utilized the makerspace to fabricate 3D printed parts for repairing library equipment, saving time and money.³⁴
• Syosset High School’s Creation Station: This facility provides access to emerging technologies like 3D printers and design software, a Cricut Explore cutting machine, iMacs, and iPads with various software for 3D creations, video editing, cartooning, and game making.³⁶ While specific usage statistics are not publicly provided ³⁶, the station’s purpose is to familiarize patrons with emerging technology and encourage creativity, with usage reserved for Syosset Central School District residents.³⁶
• UCSF Makers Lab: This academic makerspace supports mindfulness, creativity, and innovation, particularly for medical students. It offers 3D printing, 3D scanning, extended reality (XR) equipment, and project guidance, demonstrating an investment in expansive thinking within a specialized academic context.³⁸
• USU Library Innovation Hub: Located at Merrill-Cazier Library, this adaptable learning space integrates innovative technologies to support teaching, research, and creation. It features production technology, 3D printing and scanning, virtual/spatial computing, crafting equipment, and specialized software, open to all students, faculty, and staff.³⁹

The table below provides a representative overview of equipment and activities commonly found in library makerspaces across different types of libraries:

Makerspace Equipment/Tools	Common Activities/Skills Fostered	Library Type Examples (where specified)
3D Printers	Prototyping designs, creating replacement parts, educational projects, personalized art pieces, keyguards for iPads 3	Public, School, Academic
Laser Cutters/Engravers	Design and fabrication, custom crafts, educational projects 4	Public, School
Virtual Reality (VR) Equipment	Immersive experiences, 3D design, virtual tours, gaming 3	Public, Academic
Sewing Machines	Fabric art, clothing creation, repairs, quilting 4	Public, School
Digital Media Production Equipment (hardware/software for audio/visual creation/editing)	Video production, podcast creation, stop motion animation, digital storytelling 3	Academic, Public, School
Robotics Kits	Beginner’s robotics workshops, coding clubs, robot obstacle courses, eco-robots 13	School
Specialized Software (e.g., Adobe Creative Suite, AutoCAD, Blender, Unity)	Graphic design, 3D modeling, video editing, game making 4	Public, Academic, School
Crafting Equipment	Jewelry making, bookbinding, origami, knitting/crochet 24	Public, School, Academic
Loanable Tools/Things	Seed packets, gardening equipment, home energy monitors, recreational technology (action cameras, gaming consoles, coding robots) 3	Public

Table 2: Examples of Makerspace Equipment and Activities Across Library Types

C. Libraries as Integrated Community and Social Service Centers

The role of libraries has expanded significantly beyond traditional information provision to encompass direct social services and community support, leveraging their status as trusted civic institutions. This involves addressing diverse community needs, from health and wellness to lifelong learning and civic engagement. This expansion, coupled with high public trust, positions libraries as essential civic institutions that address community well-being and information integrity, particularly in an era of misinformation.

Many libraries are now offering health and wellness programs, including yoga and fitness classes, mindfulness workshops, and health screenings.⁴ They also provide access to medical devices such as blood pressure monitors, acting as a “lifeline for underserved communities” by providing essential services in a welcoming environment.⁴

Collaboration with social service agencies is a growing trend. Libraries offer assistance with housing applications, legal aid, and access to social programs.⁴ A prominent example is the

San Francisco Public Library, which employs a full-time social worker to connect homeless patrons with housing and healthcare services.⁴ This direct intervention highlights a profound shift in the library’s function, moving beyond information

about services to directly facilitating access to essential community support.

Libraries also serve as vital centers for lifelong learning, offering a wide array of workshops on topics ranging from digital literacy to resume writing, coding boot camps, language classes, and financial literacy seminars.⁴ These educational initiatives empower community members across all demographics to acquire new skills for personal growth and professional advancement. The

Free Library of Philadelphia exemplifies this through its Culinary Literacy Center, which uses food as a vehicle for literacy and life skills development. This program offers cooking classes that integrate reading and math skills while promoting healthy eating habits, thereby improving food security and overall health literacy across diverse communities.⁶

Furthermore, libraries are increasingly recognized for their role in promoting media literacy and combating misinformation. Jo Giudice, former director of the Dallas Public Library, highlighted natural partnerships with news organizations, stating that librarians and journalists are “closely aligned in their missions” to “elevate facts, and teach people how to tell fact from fiction”.⁴⁴ Research supports this collaborative potential, with a 2017 Pew Research poll revealing that approximately 8 in 10 adults trust libraries to help them access trustworthy information, and another study from the same year showing higher public trust in libraries than in news outlets.⁴⁴ This high level of public trust positions libraries as ideal spaces for journalists to connect with their audiences and for the broader community to develop critical media evaluation skills. This expansion into social services, health, and media literacy, coupled with high public trust, positions libraries as essential civic institutions that address community well-being and information integrity, particularly in an era of misinformation.

D. Collaborative Learning Environments and Open Scholarship

Academic and college libraries are actively redesigning their physical and virtual spaces to foster collaborative learning and champion open scholarship. This transformation supports modern pedagogical approaches and ensures that libraries remain central to the academic mission.

Physical spaces are evolving into flexible, technology-rich environments conducive to group work and interdisciplinary projects. This includes the provision of dedicated group study rooms, often equipped with whiteboards, monitors, and collaborative technologies, allowing students to work together effectively.³⁰ Open and flexible seating areas are designed to accommodate dynamic group discussions and collaborative work, moving away from traditional individual study carrels.³⁰ Many academic libraries now incorporate media production studios, providing spaces where students and faculty can collaborate on multimedia projects, such as video production or podcast creation.³⁰ To further facilitate these activities, libraries offer loanable technology, including laptops, tablets, cameras, and audio recording devices, and provide access to collaborative software platforms like Google Workspace, Microsoft Teams, or Slack.³⁰ This transformation of academic library physical spaces signifies a shift from a traditional quiet study hall model to an active, hands-on learning laboratory, directly supporting modern pedagogical approaches that emphasize group projects, multimedia creation, and active learning.

Beyond physical spaces, academic libraries are demonstrating strong leadership in open scholarship, particularly through their support for Open Educational Resources (OER). They play a key role in both the adoption and creation of OER, which are free teaching and learning materials.³⁰ This initiative is crucial for addressing institutional budget challenges and reducing textbook costs for students, while also providing flexible and customizable resources for instructors.³⁰ Many libraries offer direct support to faculty in finding, using, and creating OER, including providing grants or incentives for developing open course materials.³⁰ This substantial support for OER, combined with the growth in digital collections, indicates a strategic pivot towards facilitating open access to knowledge and research data. This positions academic libraries not merely as content providers but as active participants in the scholarly communication lifecycle, promoting transparency, reproducibility, and equitable access to research outputs.

Academic libraries are also increasingly providing comprehensive data management support to researchers. This includes guidance on data preservation, data curation, and ensuring compliance with funder requirements for data sharing.³⁰ Some libraries have established dedicated centers for digital scholarship, offering specialized tools and expertise for data analysis, visualization, and digital humanities projects.³⁰ The establishment of these centers further solidifies their role in fostering interdisciplinary research methodologies that increasingly rely on advanced data analysis and visualization.

V. The AI Frontier: Opportunities, Challenges, and Ethical Considerations

The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) presents libraries with a transformative frontier, offering both immense opportunities to enhance services and significant challenges related to ethics and equity. Libraries are actively exploring AI’s potential while grappling with its complex implications.

A. AI’s Role in Enhancing Library Services

AI holds considerable promise for improving efficiency, accessibility, and user satisfaction within libraries. One of the most noticeable benefits is the profound impact on search and discovery mechanisms. AI-driven algorithms can analyze vast datasets swiftly, facilitating more accurate and efficient searches and enabling librarians to curate more targeted and relevant collections.⁴⁵ For instance,

MIT Libraries utilize intelligent categorization to enhance keyword retrieval ⁴⁶, and the

University of Florida Libraries employ Primo VE Discovery services with Generative AI (GAI) for improved search and recommendations.⁴⁶

AI’s capacity for machine learning also opens doors to personalized learning experiences. By analyzing user behaviors and preferences, libraries can tailor recommendations and resource suggestions to individual needs.⁴⁵

Yale University, for example, customizes personalized patron profiles for book recommendations.⁴⁶ This personalization not only fosters a more engaging learning journey but also assists researchers in discovering resources aligned with their specific interests.⁴⁵

The burgeoning volume of data in academic research necessitates robust solutions for organization and analysis, where AI tools prove invaluable. They aid librarians and researchers in managing large datasets efficiently, deriving meaningful insights that expedite the research process and contribute to new knowledge domains.⁴⁵ Furthermore, AI offers significant efficiency gains by automating repetitive tasks such as cataloging, inventory management, and book sorting.⁴⁵

Stellenbosch University in South Africa has automated routine chores like inventory management and book sorting using AI-based solutions.⁴⁸ This automation reduces librarians’ manual labor, freeing them to redirect efforts towards more intellectually demanding activities, fostering a more fulfilling and enriched professional experience, and potentially lowering operational costs.⁴⁵ This suggests a symbiotic relationship rather than displacement, where AI acts as an efficiency multiplier and personalization enabler.

AI-powered tools also enhance user satisfaction by providing more precise and personalized search results, increasing accessibility to library services, and offering real-time help through chatbots and virtual assistants.⁴⁷ For example,

Harvard University’s Cabot Science Library offers an Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality (AR/VR) studio that utilizes GAI for data visualization and immersive design.⁴⁶

B. Navigating the Ethical Landscape of AI

Despite the promising benefits, the integration of AI into libraries presents a complex ethical maze, posing challenges that can undermine core library values if not carefully managed. This highlights AI as a double-edged sword, offering significant advantages but also profound ethical and practical concerns.

A primary concern revolves around privacy. AI systems collect vast amounts of user data, including borrowing histories, digital interactions, and demographic information, making libraries susceptible to risks such as unauthorized access, data breaches, and algorithmic profiling.⁴⁵ This raises issues of “informational privacy” (protection of personal data), “predictive harm” (inferring sensitive information from innocuous data), and “group privacy” (stereotyping based on large datasets), as well as “autonomy harms” where AI-derived information could manipulate user behavior.⁵³

Algorithmic bias is another critical ethical challenge. AI systems can inherit and perpetuate biases present in their training data, leading to unfair recommendations, limited exposure to diverse perspectives, and discrimination.⁴⁵ For instance, one study found that 65% of AI-generated recommendations aligned with users’ existing viewpoints, potentially reinforcing biases and narrowing intellectual horizons.⁵¹ This can lead to outputs that reflect societal prejudices, such as gender stereotypes in career suggestions.⁵⁸

The implementation of AI systems can also exacerbate the digital divide. A 2023 study by the American Library Association found that 27% of library patrons, particularly those from lower-income communities and rural areas, struggled to effectively use AI-powered catalog systems.⁵¹ This creates a two-tiered system where digitally literate patrons gain enhanced access while others face increasing difficulties.⁵¹

Financial burdens are substantial. Research indicates that small and rural libraries spend an average of 15-20% of their annual budgets on AI-related technology and maintenance, diverting resources from traditional services and physical collections.⁵¹ Ongoing costs, including software licensing fees ($50,000-$100,000 annually for medium-sized libraries), technical support, staff training, and hardware upgrades, can fundamentally alter a library’s service capacity.⁵¹

Concerns about job displacement and role transformation are also prevalent. Statistics suggest that libraries implementing comprehensive AI systems may see a 15-20% reduction in professional staff within three years, with some positions transforming into technical support roles, potentially diminishing traditional librarianship expertise.⁵¹ Furthermore, increased digitization and automation through AI can diminish the library’s vital

community role, with studies showing a 30% reduction in community program attendance and a 25% decrease in patron-staff interactions in heavily AI-invested libraries.⁵¹

This complex ethical landscape necessitates a proactive stance. The American Library Association (ALA) recognizes AI’s transformative speed and scale, urging libraries to be a “dynamic, positive influence” and “trusted stewards of knowledge and architects of a responsible and equitable AI-driven world”.⁵⁹ ALA’s Code of Ethics provides a framework for ethical decision-making, upholding intellectual freedom, protecting user privacy and confidentiality, advocating for diversity and inclusion, and working to dismantle systemic biases.⁶⁰ This positions librarians as ethical AI navigators, uniquely positioned to lead the ethical integration of AI, advocating for transparency, bias mitigation, and user education within their communities.

The table below summarizes the key benefits and challenges associated with AI integration in libraries:

Benefits of AI Integration	Challenges of AI Integration
Enhanced Search and Discovery: More accurate and efficient searches, targeted collections.45	Privacy Concerns: Collection of vast user data (borrowing histories, preferences), algorithmic profiling, potential for predictive harm and group privacy violations.45
Personalized Learning and Recommendations: Tailored resource suggestions based on user behavior.45	Algorithmic Bias: Perpetuation of biases from training data, leading to unfair recommendations, limited exposure to diverse perspectives, and discrimination.45
Data Management and Analysis: Efficient handling of large datasets, deriving meaningful insights.45	Exacerbation of Digital Divide: Technological barriers for patrons with limited digital literacy or access, creating a two-tiered system.51
Automation of Repetitive Tasks: Streamlining cataloging, inventory, and other routine processes, freeing staff for strategic work.45	Financial Burden: High implementation and ongoing maintenance costs (licensing, support, training, hardware upgrades) diverting resources from traditional services.51
Improved User Satisfaction: More precise results, increased accessibility, real-time assistance via chatbots.47	Job Displacement and Role Transformation: Potential reduction in professional staff and a shift towards technical support roles, diminishing traditional expertise.51
Enhanced Resource Efficiency: Optimized collection development based on user demand and trends.49	Diminished Community Role: Reduced community program attendance and patron-staff interactions in libraries heavily invested in AI, impacting their social function.51
New Content Creation: Generating new content forms (text, images, audio).47	Lack of Transparency: Difficulty in understanding how AI algorithms work, hindering identification and mitigation of biases.52
Support for Digital Scholarship: Tools for data analysis, visualization, digital humanities.30	Ethical Use and Accountability: Ensuring AI aligns with professional and ethical standards, requiring robust data protection measures and clear policies for data retention and disposal.45

Table 3: Benefits and Challenges of AI Integration in Libraries

C. AI Literacy and Future Preparedness

The increasing integration of AI necessitates a focus on AI literacy for both library staff and patrons. Librarians are evolving into educators in AI literacy, teaching critical evaluation of AI-generated information and guiding users through the complexities of this new technological landscape.¹⁶ This involves equipping individuals with the skills to understand AI’s capabilities and limitations, identify potential biases, and responsibly engage with AI tools.

Strategic approaches to AI adoption emphasize the need for robust infrastructure, comprehensive training, and clear policies.⁴⁶ Libraries must invest in developing the necessary competencies among their staff to effectively implement and manage AI technologies. This includes fostering a culture of experimentation and collaborative exploration, allowing librarians to test and adapt AI tools to their specific contexts.⁶⁵ For instance, a study on the University of Technology (UoT) libraries in Europe highlights a strategy of small-scale experiments, collaboration across libraries, and wider rollout if a technology proves suitable.⁶⁵ This phased approach helps to build awareness and understanding of AI technologies among staff.⁶⁵

Librarians are utilizing AI tools for various internal and external applications. This includes generating personalized book recommendations, creating engaging book promotions (e.g., shelf talkers, trivia questions), and developing AI chatbots for reference services.⁶¹ AI can also assist in administrative tasks like summarizing meeting notes or analyzing survey data.⁶⁸ The focus is on using AI to augment human efforts, allowing librarians to concentrate on more meaningful work that requires personalized service and critical thinking.⁶⁴ However, the importance of human oversight is paramount, especially in verifying the accuracy and provenance of AI-generated content, as AI tools can sometimes create fabricated citations.⁶⁴

VI. Impact and Future Outlook

The transformative efforts of libraries in the digital and AI era have yielded demonstrable impacts on user engagement, community value, and their standing as innovative leaders.

A. Quantifiable Impact and User Engagement

The shift to digital resources and expanded services has resulted in significant user engagement. In 2024, libraries worldwide recorded over 739.5 million digital checkouts of e-books, audiobooks, and digital magazines through platforms like OverDrive and Libby, representing a 17% increase year-over-year.³² Public libraries alone accounted for 706.3 million of these checkouts, and school libraries contributed 56.2 million.³² Streaming video services like Kanopy also saw substantial growth, with 27.8 million plays in 2024, an 18% increase.³² These figures underscore the pervasive adoption of digital library offerings and their increasing popularity.

Physical spaces also remain highly utilized. Data from 2024 indicates that October was the busiest month for library WiFi usage for the second consecutive year, with the third quarter consistently being the busiest overall.⁶⁹ This sustained demand for internet access highlights the library’s vital role as a technology resource hub for students, job seekers, and community members.⁶⁹ Furthermore, public libraries offered 200,000 more programs in 2017 than in 2016, totaling 5.6 million programs, with attendance increasing by 5 million to over 118 million people.⁷⁰ Children and young adult programming constitute the majority of these offerings.⁷⁰ These statistics collectively demonstrate that libraries are not just busy, but are generating substantial economic and social value. This shifts the perception of libraries from cost centers to vital public investments, illustrating their demonstrable value beyond traditional metrics.

Beyond usage statistics, libraries are increasingly able to quantify their return on investment (ROI). For instance, one calculation showed a direct benefit to spending ratio of 3.54, meaning for every dollar invested, $3.54 in direct benefits were returned to the community.⁷¹ When considering the broader economic multiplier effect, this ratio increased to 4.50.⁷¹ These quantifiable measures provide compelling evidence of the significant value libraries deliver to their communities, supporting advocacy efforts for sustained funding.

B. Leading the Transformation

The innovative transformations occurring across the library landscape are often driven by strategic vision and dedicated leadership, earning recognition through prestigious awards and the efforts of influential individuals. This highlights that successful transformation is not accidental but results from a willingness to embrace new technologies and service models.

The John Cotton Dana Award, administered by the American Library Association (ALA), recognizes exceptional achievements in strategic communications and public relations that elevate the visibility and impact of library services.⁷² The

Gail Borden Public Library District in Elgin, IL, received this award for their “Violins of Hope Chicago: Elgin Collaborative” initiative (2022-2024). This powerful exhibition of instruments, coupled with performances, programs, and partnerships, promoted messages of hope, unity, and cultural acceptance, leaving a lasting impact on the community through the arts.⁷²

Internationally, the IFLA/Baker & Taylor Public Library of the Year Award honors new public libraries that successfully combine open and functional architecture with sustainable and creative IT solutions, integrating digital developments and local culture.⁷³ The

Deichman Bjørvika library in Oslo, Norway, received this award in 2021. Beyond its striking architecture, it is noted for an innovative fully-automatic book sorting system, flexible spaces across six floors for different kinds of learning, recording studios, workshops, and gaming rooms.⁷⁴ The

Helsinki Central Library Oodi in Finland is another innovative example, recognized for its online services and book sorting robots, offering a new cultural space organized into distinct floors for reading, makerspaces, and workshops.⁷⁴

In the school library sector, the AASL National School Library of the Year Award recognizes institutions exemplifying the AASL National School Library Standards.⁷⁷

Scotts Ridge Middle School in Ridgefield, CT, was named the National School Library of the Year in 2025. The school’s library was praised for its dedication to collaboration, innovation, and student involvement, becoming a “central hub for learning and creativity.” Principal Timothy Salem highlighted its evolution into a “modern educational powerhouse” through technology integration and interactive learning spaces, fostering a love for reading and preparing students for a successful future.⁷⁷

Influential leaders are instrumental in driving this transformation. Kate Zwaard, formerly of the Library of Congress (LC) and now Executive Director of the Coalition for Networked Information (CNI), has been a pivotal figure in digital transformation. At LC, she authored the institution’s first digital strategy, spearheaded innovative digital initiatives like LC Labs, significantly expanded digital collections, and led the agency’s shift to open source software. Her work includes cutting-edge applications of machine learning and AI, such as the Newspaper Navigator project.⁷⁹

Shamichael Hallman, Director of Civic Health and Economic Opportunity at the Urban Libraries Council and former Senior Library Manager with Memphis Public Libraries, has reimagined public library spaces and co-founded “Libraries as Bridges,” focusing on social cohesion and civic renewal.⁸⁰

Mark Ray, Director of Innovation and Library Services for Vancouver Public Schools, emphasizes the evolving library space as less a place of consumption and more a place of creation.¹⁶ These individuals exemplify the strategic vision and commitment required to navigate and lead libraries through profound technological and societal shifts.

C. Conclusion: Libraries as Enduring Pillars of Information and Community

The comprehensive analysis presented in this report unequivocally demonstrates that state, community, school, and college libraries are not merely surviving in a rapidly changing world but are actively thriving and redefining their indispensable role. They have successfully navigated the shift from hardcopy to digital and are strategically engaging with the complexities of AI-driven information processing, proving their enduring relevance as dynamic information and community hubs.

Libraries have transformed into multifaceted institutions that:

• Expand Digital Access and Resources: Through extensive digital collections, e-lending platforms, and initiatives like hotspot lending, libraries are bridging the digital divide and ensuring equitable access to information for all.
• Foster Innovation and Creativity: Makerspaces and innovation labs provide essential tools and environments for hands-on learning, skill development, and creative problem-solving, preparing individuals for the demands of the 21st century.
• Serve as Integrated Social Service Centers: By offering health and wellness programs, collaborating with social service agencies, and even employing social workers, libraries are leveraging their trusted status to address critical community needs beyond traditional information provision.
• Lead in Open Scholarship and Collaborative Learning: Academic libraries are championing Open Educational Resources and redesigning spaces to facilitate interdisciplinary research and active, collaborative learning, becoming integral to modern pedagogy.
• Navigate the AI Frontier Responsibly: While embracing AI for enhanced search, personalization, and efficiency, libraries are critically addressing ethical concerns such as privacy, algorithmic bias, and the digital divide, positioning themselves as leaders in responsible AI integration and literacy.

The quantifiable impact, demonstrated through increased digital content usage, sustained program attendance, and calculated returns on investment, underscores the tangible value libraries deliver to their communities. The recognition of innovative programs and the leadership of forward-thinking librarians further illustrate that this transformation is a result of strategic imperative and dedicated effort.

To ensure libraries continue to serve as vital pillars of information and community in the future, several recommendations are essential:

• Sustained Investment in Digital Infrastructure and Content: Continued public and private funding is crucial to support the acquisition of digital resources, maintenance of robust online platforms, and the expansion of digital equity initiatives like hotspot and device lending.
• Prioritizing AI Literacy and Ethical AI Integration: Libraries must proactively develop and implement AI literacy programs for both staff and patrons, focusing on critical evaluation, ethical considerations, and responsible use of AI tools. Policies should be developed to mitigate algorithmic bias and protect user privacy in AI-driven systems.
• Strengthening Cross-Sectoral Partnerships: Deepening collaborations with educational institutions, social service agencies, local governments, and technology providers will enable libraries to amplify their impact and address complex community challenges more effectively.
• Advocacy for Policy Support: Continuous advocacy is needed to ensure that state and federal policies recognize and support the evolving, multi-faceted role of libraries, securing the necessary legislative and financial frameworks for their ongoing transformation.
• Promoting Public Awareness: Libraries should enhance communication strategies to better inform the public about the breadth and depth of their modern services, ensuring that their image reflects their dynamic reality as essential hubs for information, innovation, and community well-being.

In conclusion, libraries are not relics of a bygone era but dynamic, indispensable institutions that are actively shaping how individuals and communities engage with information and each other in the digital and AI age. Their ongoing transformation solidifies their role as enduring centers of learning, creativity, and social cohesion, vital for an informed, equitable, and thriving society.

References

American Library Association. (n.d.). ALA Code of Ethics. Retrieved from https://www.ala.org/tools/ethics

This source was used to outline the ethical principles and framework that guide the library profession, particularly in the context of AI integration, emphasizing intellectual freedom, privacy, and diversity.

American Library Association. (n.d.). AASL Awards & Grants. Retrieved from https://www.ala.org/aasl/awards

This source provided information on the various awards and grants offered by the American Association of School Librarians (AASL), including the “Best Digital Tools for Teaching & Learning” and the “National School Library of the Year Award.”

American Library Association. (n.d.). CLS Innovation in College Librarianship Award. Retrieved from https://www.ala.org/acrl/awards/achievementawards/clsaward

This source detailed the criteria and past recipients of the College Libraries Section (CLS) Innovation Award, which recognizes college librarians for innovative projects enhancing student learning and faculty development.

American Library Association. (n.d.). National School Library of the Year Award. Retrieved from https://www.ala.org/aasl/awards/nsly

This source provided details about the AASL National School Library of the Year Award, including its purpose and the recognition of Scotts Ridge Middle School as a recipient.

American Library Association. (2024, July 9). New Public Library Technology Survey Report Details Digital Equity Roles. Retrieved from https://www.ala.org/news/2024/07/new-public-library-technology-survey-report-details-digital-equity-roles

This report provided key findings from the 2023 Public Library Technology Survey, including data on hotspot lending, digital media/maker equipment, digital literacy training, and digital content offerings in U.S. public libraries.

American Library Association. (2024, July 9). 2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report. Retrieved from https://www.ala.org/sites/default/files/2024-07/PLA_Tech_Survey_Report_2024.pdf

This comprehensive report offered detailed statistics on technology adoption in public libraries, including the prevalence of maker production equipment, digital media production equipment, and various devices circulated for off-site use.

American Library Association. (2025, March 3). Assessing AI. American Libraries Magazine. Retrieved from https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2025/03/03/assessing-ai/

This article discussed the environmental and social impacts of AI in libraries, including concerns about resource depletion, job displacement, and the need for transparency and bias mitigation in AI algorithms.

American Library Association. (2025, May 5). Scotts Ridge Middle School Named National School Library of the Year. Retrieved from https://www.ala.org/news/2025/05/scotts-ridge-middle-school-named-national-school-library-year

This news release announced Scotts Ridge Middle School as the recipient of the AASL National School Library of the Year Award, highlighting its dedication to collaboration, innovation, and student involvement.

American Library Association. (2025, June 26). Libraries’ Opportunity to Shape How AI Transforms Society. Retrieved from https://www.ala.org/news/2025/06/libraries-opportunity-shape-how-ai-transforms-society

This source emphasized the American Library Association’s (ALA) stance on AI, urging libraries to be a “dynamic, positive influence” and “trusted stewards of knowledge and architects of a responsible and equitable AI-driven world.”

American Library Association. (2025, June 27). 2025 John Cotton Dana Awards Spotlight Innovation in Library Marketing. Retrieved from https://www.ebsco.com/news-center/press-releases/2025-john-cotton-dana-awards-spotlight-innovation-library-marketing

This press release announced the recipients of the 2025 John Cotton Dana Award, specifically highlighting the Gail Borden Public Library District for its “Violins of Hope Chicago: Elgin Collaborative” initiative.

Bridges, L. M., & Massie, S. (2025, March 5). Introduction to the Special Issue: Responsible AI in Libraries and Archives. Journal of eScience Librarianship, 14(1). Retrieved from https://publishing.escholarship.umassmed.edu/jeslib/article/id/860/

This source introduced ethical issues arising from AI use in libraries, such as privacy, consent, accuracy, labor considerations, the digital divide, bias, and transparency, and mentioned case studies exploring these issues.

Burbank Public Library. (n.d.). Virtual Reality. Retrieved from https://burbanklibrary.org/virtual-reality

This source provided details about the Virtual Reality program at the Burbank Public Library’s Spark! Digital Media Lab, including the types of headsets and software available for VR and 3D design.

California State Library. (n.d.). Digital Concierge Program. Retrieved from https://www.library.ca.gov/services/digital-concierge/

This source described the California State Library’s Digital Concierge Program (DCP), outlining its mission, consultation services, digitization processes, and collaboration efforts to preserve and share state government collections.

California State Library. (n.d.). Grants. Retrieved from https://www.library.ca.gov/grants/

This source provided information on various grants and statewide initiatives supported by the California State Library, including “Ebooks for all California” and the role of LSTA funding.

California Revealed. (n.d.). Digitize and Preserve. Retrieved from https://californiarevealed.org/digitize-and-preserve

This source detailed the California Revealed initiative, a statewide program that supports heritage organizations in digitizing and preserving collections significant to California history, with a focus on underrepresented communities.

Clarivate. (n.d.). Pulse of the Library. Retrieved from https://clarivate.com/pulse-of-the-library/

This source presented survey findings on AI integration in libraries, indicating that over 60% of respondents are evaluating or planning for AI, with AI adoption being a top tech priority. It also highlighted differences in AI planning between public and academic libraries.

Cooksey, A. (2024). School Librarians as Digital Citizenship Leaders. Knowledge Quest, 52(3), 10-15. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?q=source%3A%22Knowledge+quest%22&id=EJ1438805

This article highlighted the role of school librarians as leaders in digital citizenship, emphasizing their responsibility to teach students how to critically evaluate information and navigate the digital environment.

County Health Rankings & Roadmaps. (n.d.). Public Libraries for Community Building. Retrieved from https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/strategies-and-solutions/what-works-for-health/strategies/public-libraries-for-community-building

This source discussed the role of public libraries as community gathering places and their partnerships with social support agencies to connect patrons with services like housing assistance and legal aid.

Deichman Bjørvika. (n.d.). A state-of-the-art library worth reading about…. Retrieved from https://helvar.com/case-studies/culture/deichman/

This source described the Deichman Bjørvika library in Oslo, Norway, highlighting its innovative fully-automatic book sorting system and flexible spaces for different types of learning and activities.

Dickey, S. (2023). School Librarians as Innovators: The Tradition Endures and Expands. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1384302.pdf

This article emphasized the evolving role of school librarians as “innovation centers” and “the hub of the school,” integrating technology like 3D printers and robotics into learning.

Education Week. (2023, November 8). Here’s What Students Miss Out on When Their Schools Lack Librarians. Retrieved from https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/heres-what-students-miss-out-on-when-their-schools-lack-librarians/2023/11

This article cited Tim Salem, principal of Scotts Ridge Middle School, on the collaborative role of library media specialists with teachers across all grade levels and curricular areas.

Emory Libraries. (n.d.). Virtual Reality. Retrieved from https://libraries.emory.edu/services/virtual-reality

This source indicated that Emory Libraries offer resources for both the consumption and creation of augmented and virtual reality content for the Emory community.

Helsinki Central Library Oodi. (n.d.). Services. Retrieved from http://oodihelsinki.fi/en/services/

This source provided details on the services and facilities offered by Helsinki Central Library Oodi, including its distinct floors for reading, makerspaces, workshops, and recording studios, and its use of online services and book sorting robots.

Institute of Museum and Library Services. (n.d.). IMLS. Retrieved from https://www.imls.gov/

This source described the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) as an independent federal agency that provides grants and support to libraries, archives, and museums across the U.S.

Institute of Museum and Library Services. (n.d.). People Visited Public Libraries More Than a Billion Times in One Year. Retrieved from https://www.imls.gov/news/people-visited-public-libraries-more-billion-times-one-year

This report provided statistics on public library usage in FY 2017, including the number of registered users, program attendance, and the growth of electronic materials.

Kentucky Department of Education. (2025). Beyond Proficiency. Retrieved from https://www.education.ky.gov/school/diglrn/libmedia/PublishingImages/Pages/Beyond-Proficiency/beyondproficiency2025.pdf

This report highlighted the Kentucky Education Technology System (KETS) Master Plan (2024-2030) and its alignment with the school librarian’s role in technology integration, digital equity, and innovative learning experiences.

Kroski, E. (2020, October 28). Makerspaces in Practice. American Library Association. Retrieved from https://www.ala.org/news/2020/10/makerspaces-practice

This source mentioned the growing trend of makerspaces in school libraries and their role in fostering creativity and collaboration.

Liblime. (2025, January 9). Top 10 Modern Uses for Libraries in 2025. Retrieved from https://liblime.com/2025/01/09/top-10-modern-uses-for-libraries-in-2025/

This article outlined various modern uses for libraries, including digital resource hubs, makerspaces, community health and wellness centers, and social services, providing examples like Chicago Public Library’s YOUmedia and Boulder Public Library’s “Library of Things.”

Ludwig, J. (2025, January 16). How can libraries become ready for AI?. LIBER Europe. Retrieved from https://libereurope.eu/article/how-can-libraries-become-ready-for-ai/

This article discussed the challenges and opportunities for European libraries in integrating AI, emphasizing the need for resources, training, and clear strategies, and highlighting libraries’ role as “safe spaces” for public debate on AI.

Monyela, M., & Tella, A. (2024). Assessing the influence of artificial intelligence (AI) on library services and users’ experience in the university library. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Updates, 6(1), 33-44. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/387818587_Assessing_the_influence_of_artificial_intelligence_AI_on_library_services_and_users’_experience_in_the_university_library

This study explored the impact of AI on library services and user experience in university libraries, noting improvements in efficiency, personalized search results, and user satisfaction through AI integration. It also mentioned Stellenbosch University’s automation of routine tasks.

Molaudzi, M., & Ngulube, P. (2025, January). Ten case studies of AI implementation for knowledge organisation in academic libraries. ResearchGate. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Ten-case-studies-of-AI-implementation-for-knowledge-organisation-in-academic-libraries_tbl2_385477622

This source referenced studies highlighting how AI-driven automation streamlines cataloging, enhances metadata, and enables personalized information services in academic libraries, leading to greater resource efficiency and improved user satisfaction. It also mentioned Stellenbosch University’s use of AI for inventory management and book sorting.

OCLC. (n.d.). Community engagement: Build connections, grow relationships, and increase your impact. Retrieved from https://www.oclc.org/en/community-engagement.html

This source provided insights into community engagement efforts by libraries, including partnerships with local organizations and the use of surveys to assess community needs.

OverDrive. (2025, January 27). Libraries Break Digital Lending Records in 2024 with Over 739 million Checkouts. Retrieved from https://company.overdrive.com/2025/01/27/libraries-break-digital-lending-records-in-2024-with-over-739-million-checkouts/

This press release provided statistics on digital lending in 2024, including total checkouts of e-books, audiobooks, and digital magazines via OverDrive’s Libby and Sora apps, and streaming video plays on Kanopy.

Pacific University Library. (n.d.). Navigating the Future: The Role of AI in Academic Libraries. Retrieved from https://www.lib.pacificu.edu/navigating-the-future-the-role-of-ai-in-academic-libraries/

This article discussed the benefits of AI in academic libraries, such as enhanced search and discovery, personalized learning, data management, and automation of repetitive tasks, as well as challenges like privacy concerns and bias.

Pew Research Center. (2013, January 22). Library Services. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2013/01/22/library-services/

This survey report provided data on American perceptions of public library services, including the importance of borrowing books, reference librarians, and free internet access, as well as interest in new digital services.

PressReader. (2025, February 10). Emerging trends, new technologies: 10 digital tools transforming libraries. Retrieved from https://blog.pressreader.com/libraries-institutions/emerging-trends-new-tech-digital-tools-transform-libraries

This article highlighted various digital tools transforming libraries, including digital content platforms like PressReader and digital literacy/learning platforms such as Gale Courses, LinkedIn Learning, and Brainfuse.

PressReader. (2024, August 19). Digital transformation: A focus on well-being and other key academic library trends. Retrieved from https://blog.pressreader.com/libraries-institutions/digital-transformation-a-focus-on-well-being-and-other-key-academic-library-trends

This article discussed digital transformation in academic libraries, including the growth of digital collections, support for Open Educational Resources (OER), data management, and the evolution of collaborative learning spaces.

PressReader. (2025, January 9). What’s next for public libraries? Key library trends for 2025 and beyond. Retrieved from https://blog.pressreader.com/libraries-institutions/whats-next-for-public-libraries-key-library-trends-for-2025-and-beyond

This article discussed the evolving role of public libraries, including reaching beyond traditional patrons, teaching media literacy, and partnerships between libraries and news outlets, citing Jo Giudice of the Dallas Public Library on the shared mission of librarians and journalists.

Sabinet African Journals. (2025, February 28). Lost in the algorithm: navigating the ethical maze of AI in libraries. Retrieved from https://journals.co.za/doi/10.7553/91-1-2477

This article explored the ethical challenges of AI in libraries, focusing on data bias, privacy, and algorithmic transparency, and highlighted risks like algorithmic profiling and the perpetuation of biases.

San Jose State University. (n.d.). Should Librarians Be Worried About Artificial Intelligence?. Retrieved from https://ischool.sjsu.edu/career-blog/should-librarians-be-worried-about-artificial-intelligence

This blog post discussed the impact of AI on librarian roles, suggesting that AI will complement human efforts rather than replace them, and emphasized the librarian’s role in teaching AI literacy and discerning fact from fiction.

San Jose State University. (n.d.). Digital Services – MLIS Career Pathway. Retrieved from https://ischool.sjsu.edu/digital-services

This source described the digital services career pathway, highlighting the creation and maintenance of digital collections, management of digital repositories, and implementation of digital initiatives in libraries.

Scholastic Library Publishing. (2023, December 11). Innovative Ideas for School Libraries. eSchool News. Retrieved from https://www.eschoolnews.com/innovative-teaching/2023/12/11/innovative-ideas-for-school-libraries/

This article provided innovative ideas for school libraries, including offering diverse genres and formats, utilizing digital reading apps like Sora, and incorporating makerspaces and virtual programs.

South Central Library System. (n.d.). Library Use & Return on Investment Value Calculator. Retrieved from https://www.scls.info/library-use-return-investment-value-calculator

This source provided a tool for calculating the return on investment (ROI) for library use, explaining how the direct benefit to spending ratio is determined.

Syosset Public Library. (n.d.). Creation Station. Retrieved from https://www.syossetlibrary.org/creationstation

This source described the Syosset Public Library’s “Creation Station,” detailing the hardware and software available for creative projects like 3D printing and video editing, and its policy for use by Syosset Central School District residents.

Syosset Public Library. (n.d.). Home. Retrieved from https://www.syossetlibrary.org/

This source listed various online resources and services offered by the Syosset Public Library, including e-books, audiobooks, streaming media, and research databases. It also mentioned the “Creation Station” as a featured service.

TCEA. (2025, April 29). Beyond the Book – AI for Librarians. Retrieved from https://www.controlaltachieve.com/2025/04/beyond-book-ai-for-librarians.html

This article explored practical applications of AI for librarians, such as generating personalized book recommendations, creating book promotions, and developing AI chatbots for reference services, while also emphasizing the importance of human oversight.

The Institute for Arts Integration and STEAM. (n.d.). Makerspace Manual for K-12 Schools. Retrieved from https://artsintegration.com/makerspace-manual-for-k-12-schools/

This manual defined makerspaces in K-12 schools and provided examples of equipment and activities, such as 3D printing stations and sewing machines, emphasizing hands-on learning and problem-solving.

The University of Arizona Libraries. (n.d.). How are generative AI models biased, and how can I avoid biased results?. Retrieved from https://ask.library.arizona.edu/faq/407976

This source explained how generative AI models can exhibit bias, particularly gender stereotypes in career suggestions, and offered strategies for users to modify prompts to mitigate such biases.

Urban Libraries Council. (n.d.). Staff. Retrieved from https://www.urbanlibraries.org/about/staff

This source listed the staff of the Urban Libraries Council, including Shamichael Hallman, Director of Civic Health and Economic Opportunity, and noted his work in reimagining public library spaces and co-founding “Libraries as Bridges.”

University of California, San Francisco. (n.d.). The Makers Lab at UCSF. Retrieved from https://www.library.ucsf.edu/use/makerslab/

This source described the UCSF Makers Lab as an academic makerspace supporting mindfulness, creativity, and innovation, offering 3D printing, 3D scanning, and extended reality (XR) equipment.

University of Northern Iowa. (n.d.). Three cases of makerspace integration in school library programs in conjunction with district initiatives: STEAM, design thinking, and literacy. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uni.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2481&context=grp

This qualitative case study examined the impact of makerspace/STEAM activities on student learning, indicating that students participating in makerspaces demonstrate improved creativity, critical thinking, collaboration, and communication.

University of Northern Iowa. (n.d.). The Effects of a Makerspace Curriculum on the 4 C’s (Creativity, Critical Thinking, Collaboration, and Communication). Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uni.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1908&context=grp

This literature review examined how makerspace curricula impact learners’ application of the “4 Cs” (creativity, critical thinking, collaboration, and communication), finding that students in makerspaces tend to use these skills for problem-solving.

University of Utah. (n.d.). Library Innovation Hub. Retrieved from https://library.usu.edu/innovation-hub/

This source described the USU Library Innovation Hub as an adaptable learning space integrating innovative technologies like production technology, 3D printing and scanning, and virtual/spatial computing to support teaching, research, and creation.

University of West Alabama Online. (2020, November 17). The Making of the Modern Librarian: The Value of School Libraries. Retrieved from https://online.uwa.edu/news/school-libraries-guide/

This article discussed the evolution of school libraries into multimedia digital information centers, highlighting their role in technology integration, digital literacy, and supporting teachers.

Virginia Tech. (n.d.). Digital Literacy. Retrieved from https://lib.vt.edu/research-teaching/digital-literacy.html

This source defined digital literacy and outlined Virginia Tech’s framework for digital literacy initiatives, including workshops on online presence, fact-checking, and digital self-defense.

WhoFi. (2025, January 27). Annual Analysis of Public Library Usage Trends 2024. Retrieved from https://whofi.com/blog/analytics/annual-analysis-of-public-library-usage-trends-2024/

This analysis provided data on public library WiFi usage trends in 2024, indicating that October was the busiest month for WiFi usage for the second consecutive year and that Q3 remained the busiest quarter overall.

Yang, S., & Zhang, Y. (2024, November 1). Embracing the Metaverse: A Survey of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Practices at the United States’ Top One Hundred University Libraries. College & Research Libraries, 85(6). Retrieved from https://crl.acrl.org/index.php/crl/article/view/25664/34458

This study found that 86% of the top 100 US university libraries have implemented VR and AR technologies, with applications in VR/AR studios, makerspaces, immersive learning, and virtual exhibitions.

Yao, Z., & Chen, Y. (2025, July 24). Application of artificial intelligence technologies in library services at the top 100 US universities. The Electronic Library. Retrieved from https://www.emerald.com/el/article/doi/10.1108/EL-12-2024-0386/1269654/Application-of-artificial-intelligence

This study examined the application of AI technologies in the services of the top 100 US university libraries, providing data on intelligent retrieval, recommendation, reference, guided tour, and ID recognition services, and mentioning examples like MIT Libraries and Yale University.

__________
Prompt: Good morning, Gemini. What is the status of state, community, school, and college libraries? Are they still the hub for information they once were? Assuming that they’re transforming to remain or become relevant in our rapidly changing world in which information has abandoned hardcopy for digital and gone from human-to-human to AI-to-human processing, what are some of the more innovative and successful transformations in the US and the world? Please anchor your research in specific examples as much as possible and lean toward depth rather than breadth. Specific individuals and institutions would be ideal.

Filed under: Uncategorized |