By Claude Almansi
Staff Writer
Don’t boycott Amazon’s over-$9.99 Kindle e-books.
Boycott Amazon‘s Kindle e-book reader.
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Don’t Boycott Amazon’s Over-$9.99 Kindle E-Books!
Posted on March 29, 2009 by JimS
Guy Kellogg
Posted on March 26, 2009 by JimS
[Published 26 March 2020]
Guy Kellogg is a Professor at the University of Hawaii – Kapiolani CC. He teaches ESOL courses in the Languages, Linguistics and Literature department.
List of ETCJ publications:
My First Week Teaching Online During the COVID-19 Shutdown
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How Is the Recession Affecting Online Higher Education?
Posted on March 23, 2009 by JimS
By John Sener
It’s been a long time since I’ve watched the 11 o’clock news on television. My recollection is that it consists of an endless series of deaths, accidents, and other disasters, relieved only by the commercials and an occasional human interest story. Ray Schroeder’s blog “New Realities in Higher Education” is the 11 o’clock news for higher education — except without the heartwarming human interest stories or commercials. The stories are pretty much one hair-raising signal of impending doom after another — make sure you’re in a reasonably good mood before tackling this one.
Once the train wreck/auto crash voyeuristic feeling wears off, inevitably when reading New Realities I find myself wondering: Is the recession helping speed the adoption of online higher education, or slowing it down, or some of both? On the one hand, many community colleges are reporting the increases in enrollment demand that economic downturns typically bring, North Carolina being one example. On the other hand, many (often the same) community colleges are also reporting budget cuts which force them to cancel classes and otherwise reduce offerings, North Carolina also being one example.
One school of thought is that the recession will drive adoption of online learning as a cost-saving measure or as a way to provide access to education for cost-conscious students. A counter-argument is that initial implementation of online education requires investment in infrastructure, faculty development, culture change, etc. and that such funds are not available, hence online education adoption is being slowed down.
So far, I haven’t been able to find anything other than speculation about this topic. By contrast, one of Ray Schroeder’s previous blog efforts, Fueling Online Learning, showed pretty clearly that last year’s astronomical gasoline prices had a strong correlation with increased enrollments in online higher education. (The causal connection is less clear, but a case can be made that there was one.)
Anyone have any concrete evidence on the recession’s effect on online education?
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tagged: community colleges, enrollment, Fueling Online Learning, higher education, infrastructure, John Sener, learning, New Realities, New Realities in Higher Education, North Carolina, Online, Ray Schroeder, recession, students | 3 Comments »
Ilene Frank
Posted on March 16, 2009 by JimS
Published 3/16/20
Ilene Frank remembers participating in the very first TCC online conference! She taught her first online course in 1996. Since retiring from University of South Florida’s Tampa Library, she has taken a reference librarian position at Hillsborough Community College (Florida). She is also volunteer Director of Library Services for University of the People, an accredited, global, tuition-free, online university. She teaches online courses for University of Maryland Global College.
List of ETCJ Publications:
Resources for Moving to Online Teaching: A COVID-19 Response
Some Definitions of ‘Online Course’ May Be Legalese
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Tech Tools Are Just Tools
Posted on March 9, 2009 by JimS
By Claude Almansi
Editor, Accessibility Issues
Has technology “reduced our social capital — the relationships that bind people together and create a sense of community,” as Dider Grossamy wrote in a comment to David G. Lebow’s Ten Dollar Computers and the Future of Learning in the Web Era [1]? Didier Grossamy himself adds: “Even though technological advances have contributed significantly to the problem of isolation, the emphasis on individualism in today’s society has compounded it.”
It might be the other way round: technology tools — the internet, computers, cell phones — are very powerful tools, but just tools. They can emphasize social trends, but they cannot create them. Read/Write tools like blogs, wikis, even Twitter — which might seem at first glance the epitome of self-absorption — can also be used very effectively for the defense of human and civic rights. See Don’t Block the Blog [2], Global Voices Online [3] and the Herdict [4] tool recently launched by Harvard’s Berkman Center for Internet and Society, which allows users to report inaccessible sites and to see what site has been reported inaccessible in what countries, thus avoiding false censorship alarms.
Civic and Human Rights
“November 8 [2007]: Karachi Rally – No military rule, imperialism war” by > ange <. Some rights reserved.
These are great tools under dictatorships: when then President General Musharraf proclaimed the state of emergency in Pakistan in November 2007, the first sign was the blacking out of all independent televisions. Within a few hours, their political broadcasts were accessible again on the internet (with audio-only versions for people with low connectivity). Activists used twitter from their cell phones to let others know when they got arrested. And now that President Zardari is more and more emulating his predecessor’s autocratic behavior (look up Zardari in Google News), civil society is ready to use these tools again.
Of course, governments — and not only tyrannies — attempt to control these tools. In October 2004, at the request of the Swiss government, the FBI seized a server that hosted a page of Indymedia giving personal data of two plainclothes policemen who were inquiring about unrest episodes in Geneva during the Evian G8 Summit, with a not-too-veiled threat. The page was still retrievable through Google cache, and it was mirrored in a student’s page at the site of a US university. Indymedia responsibly deleted all attempts to link to that mirror, but it was very easy to find with a search engine (see, in Italian, L’FBI oscura vari siti Indymedia su richiesta della Svizzera e dell’Italia, ma…. [5]) – Oct. 10, 2004).
More dangerously, last fall, a Sicilian judge condemned historian Carlo Ruta for “stampa clandestina” (clandestine press) because he had published his research about the Mafia in his blog, using a 1948 Italian law that makes the official registration of press organs compulsory (see John Ozimek’s How an Italian judge made the internet illegal [6] – The Register, Sep. 26, 2008). As a result, many Italian bloggers now avoid this risk by adding a disclaimer saying that their blog is not a press organ.
Technology Education and Technology Scares
Is Google Making Us Stupid? by Salvor. Wikimedia Commons. In the Public Domain.
The point is, if these tools are to be used positively, people must learn how to use them, as with any other tool. Unfortunately, traditional media — from Nicholas Carr’s Is Google Making Us Stupid? [7] (The Atlantic, July/August 2008) to David Derbyshire’s Social websites harm children’s brains: Chilling warning to parents from top neuroscientist [8] (Daily Mail, Feb. 24, 2009) — feeling threatened by these tools, are all too ready to demonize them. And as a result, education authorities tend to block access to these tools rather than face the responsibilities involved in using them at school, where students could learn how to do so responsibly and efficiently.
Most such scare-mongerers’ arguments can be easily refuted, of course. Either they lack scientific evidence, or they quote it only partially, or they use fallacies: Derbyshire, for instance, suggests that the fact that autistic people can express themselves more easily with computers might imply that computers induce autism.
Constructive Criticism
However, we must also beware of the negative effect that an over-enthusiastic advocacy of these tools can have. In 1995, I attended a conference announcing the opening of the Università della Svizzera Italiana and its School of Communication Studies in Lugano (CH), pretentiously entitled “Oxford on the Lake.” I left midways: the zealot enthusiasm and sociological jargon of the “cybernaut” speakers put me off the internet for two solid years.
So it is important to pay necessary attention to serious criticism of these tools voiced by people really involved in using them for social and educational purposes. Two recent telling examples:
- In From Red Guards to Cyber-vigilantism to where next? [9] (Feb. 24. 2009): Rebecca MacKinnon reflects on the limitations of only exposing socially harmful behaviors and human right violations rather than acting to prevent them: “Just because people have an expanded ability to speak truth to power thanks to new technology, that doesn’t automatically lead to a more just society in the long run unless you have institutional change. I wonder whether people will be so distracted and excited about the ability to use the Internet to speak truth to power that they’ll have less interest in such institutional change.” As she is co-founder of the above-mentioned Global Voices Online [3], which aims at giving voice to people directly concerned by events that traditional media do not normally cover, her invitation to go beyond simple information is particularly interesting.
- In The use and misuse of computers in education: evidence from a randomized experiment in Colombia [10] (Feb. 1, 2009 — with links to the full report as downloadable 3.01Mb PDF [11] or plain text [12] files): Felipe Barrera-Osorio and Leigh L. Linden analyze the results of scientifically conducted statistical surveys of a Colombian project in which more computers were offered to schools and teachers were provided training. In spite of this training, teachers made little use of the increased learning possibilities of computers, and as a result, the impact on students was minimal. Providing computers and training teachers in their use in education — even if this training follows a constructivist pedagogical approach, as in this Colombian case — is necessary, but it is not enough to make teachers effectively use the available computers with their students.
Motivation and Follow-Up
Citizens who struggle to defend their rights under a dictatorship are more likely to be motivated to master the use of information and collaboration tech tools than teachers who have to help their students pass national tests that bear only on memorized notions. Motivation is essential.
But training offered to motivated people cannot be limited to a single initial course because technology evolves and, more importantly, needs to evolve. Therefore people must have the opportunity to further explore these tools “in action.” This can be done online, provided they are initially trained to use online networks where they can find or ask others for reliable additional information and help.
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tagged: > ange, Berkman Center for Internet and Society, blogs, censorship, Claude Almansi, cybernaut, Daily Mail, David Derbyshire, David G. Lebow, Dider Grossamy, Don't Block the Blog, Evian G8 summit, evidence from a randomized experiment in Colombia, FBI, Felipe Barrera-Osorio, From Red Guards to Cyber-vigilantism to where next?, Geneva, Global Voices Online, Harvard, Herdict, How an Italian judge made the internet illegal, Indymedia, Is Google Making Us Stupid?, Italian, John Ozimek, L'FBI oscura vari siti Indymedia su richiesta della Svizzera e dell'Italia, Leigh L. Linden, Lugano, Oxford on the Lake, Pakistan, President General Musharraf, President Zardari, Public Domain, Read/Write tools, Rebecca MacKinnon, Salvor, School of Communication Studies, Social websites harm children's brains: Chilling warning to parents from top neuroscientist, Swiss, Tech Tools Are Just Tools, Ten Dollar Computers and the Future of Learning in the Web Era, The Atlantic, The Register, The use and misuse of computers in education, Twitter, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Wikimedia Commons, wikis | 1 Comment »
Why Is Transformational Leadership So Elusive?
Posted on February 28, 2009 by JimS
By John Adsit
Editor, Curriculum & Instruction
Dale Lick’s very fine article talks about the importance of culture, transformational leadership, and staff development in creating effective educational change. Of the three, it can be argued that transformational leadership is the most important, for such leadership is critical to bringing about the kind of staff development that can change the culture of a school. Unfortunately, finding such leadership seems to be the most elusive aspect of educational change. When we look to see why, we realize that it is actually the current culture that is most important, for it makes transformational leadership impossible.
In Leading Minds: An Anatomy of Leadership, Howard Gardner describes the skills and qualities of effective leadership, and he provides a series of biographical sketches to illustrate his points. As I read them, I drew an ironic conclusion about leadership that was different from (although not contradictory to) his thesis: people who display the potential for transformational leadership are generally disqualified from being transformational leaders.
Let’s look at one of Gardner’s examples. He chronicles the life of an obscure Italian priest named Angelo Giuseppi Roncalli, whose lifetime journals showed that at an early age he resolved to live his life so that no one would ever doubt his allegiance to the existing order of the Catholic Church. By doing absolutely nothing of note throughout his life, he found himself in his old age among the College of Cardinals, helping to elect a Pope. The Cardinals debated and voted for days and could not agree, because all of the nominated candidates were too controversial, too likely to rock the boat in one direction or another. Roncalli’s journals show that he well understood that when his peers finally elected him Pope, they were in effect tabling the motion by electing an aged and nondescript man who would do nothing in the few years of his reign, after which the debate could be renewed.
After his election, Roncalli took the name John XXIII, convened the second Vatican Council, and provided the transformative leadership that brought the greatest change to the church in centuries. If the Cardinals had had any inkling he would have done that, they never would have elected him, and he would have died in obscurity.
This election process is almost exactly what happens in the world of education. When a K-12 school needs a new principal or a college needs a new president, some kind of a search committee is formed to oversee the process and select the new leader. Who sits on this committee? Although the process is different in different schools, the one constant is that the members of the committee are generally people who have been thriving under the outgoing leadership. They are at the heart of the current culture.
In their search and their interviews, they are not likely to be persuaded to favor a candidate who says, “If you choose me, I am really going to shake things up. You won’t recognize this place when I am done.” Such a leader can only come into a leadership by either disguising true potential (like Roncalli) or by being thrust upon the culture from outside. Lick accurately says that “without serious 
intervention, the culture always wins. This is cultural paralysis: the very culture that gives education its great stability also stands in the way, potentially inhibiting major progress in new directions.” It is hard enough for a transformational leader to change the culture within the system; it is impossible when a potential leader is never even given the role.
Years ago, the Annenberg Institute’s Re:Learning program had the opposite point of view, that such leadership was actually counterproductive to educational change, and they required a system that had school leadership hiding in the wings while change took place. Their own research showed that this approach was dead wrong, and that all their failed reforms (and they were many) were primarily due to this absence of leadership.
Today we know that reform efforts without transformational leaders are doomed. The only problem we have to solve is getting these leaders through the door. In one case I know of, a large school district violated its own policies when it learned to its horror that the principal search committee of a dysfunctional school was preparing to replace the principal with an assistant principal who promised to carry on the policies of the past. By forcing an unwanted reformer on that school, the district put that new leader in a challenging position, but she had the skills to pull it off eventually.
If we want transformational leadership, we must do something along those lines. We must deal effectively with that current culture before the new leader is even selected. We need policies that will force the leadship selection process to truly understand what is needed in transformational leadership and set its sights on such a person.
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tagged: Angelo Giuseppi Roncalli, Annenberg Institute, cardnials, Catholic Church, David Lick, Howard Gardner, John XXIII, K-12, Leading Minds: An Anatomy of Leadership, pope, Re:Learning, reform, school, transformational leadership | 1 Comment »
Rare Ancient Manuscripts Online at E-codices
Posted on February 25, 2009 by JimS
By Claude Almansi
Staff Writer
Thanks to Rafael Schwemmer, Project Manager/Web Developer of e-codices, and to Sylviane Messerli, scientific collaborator in charge of the library of the Bodmer Foundation, for their help and explanations.
Cologny, Fondation Martin Bodmer, Cod. Bodmer 78, p. 49r (www.e-codices.unifr.ch).
Historia Destructionis Troiae
This manuscript page is from Guido de Columnis’ Historia Destructionis Troiae (or History of the Destruction of Troy). This text is an interesting knot in the rich tapestry of the Troy stories told and retold from Homer to our days. (This tapestry can be explored from Category:Trojan War literature – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [1], for instance.)
In fact, Historia Destructionis Troiae is an early 14th century Latin translation of the late 13th century French Roman de Troie by Benoît de Sainte-Maure, itself based on several classical sources. This Latin version led in turn to further translations – among these, John Lydgate’s Troy Book (downloadable in several formats from the Internet Archive: see the pages for volume 1 and volume 2), which was one of the sources of Chaucer’s Troilus and Cryseide (see Troilus and Cryseide – Wikisource [2]) and of Shakespeare’s Troilus and Cressida (see Troilus and Cressida – Wikisource [3]), among other works.
“Chaucer reading from Troilus and Cryseide.” From Jane Zatta’s Chaucer The Canterbury Tales.
Thus Historia Destructionis Troiae raises interesting questions: What was a “translation” back then? Is our “post-modern” mash up and remix culture as post-modern as is sometimes claimed? What are these Troy stories and these manuscripts to us?
E-codices Virtual Manuscript Library of Switzerland
Before July 2007, when this manuscript of Historia Destructionis Troiae was digitized and put online within the e-codices – Virtual Manuscript Library of Switzerland [5], non-scholars were only able to see it open at a given page by going to the Fondation Martin Bodmer’s Museum and Library [6] in Cologny (Geneva, CH). True, the Bodmer Foundation is one of the most interesting cultural venues of Geneva, with exciting temporary exhibitions alongside its ancient manuscript collections: presently, you can read there letters sent by some of the most important 20th century French authors to Gaston Gallimard, the editor of the Nouvelle Revue Française, which crucially shaped French literature for a century.
Nevertheless, a story in a glass case is a dead story. But now, the manuscript of Historia Destructionis Troiae – together with 362 other manuscripts from 16 Swiss libraries gathered by e-codices – can be viewed in full facsimile. And from any page of the facsimile, with one single click, you can access a scholarly yet highly readable description of the manuscript, provided in turn with links to specific pages of the facsimile.
The description of the Historia Destructionis Troiae manuscript draws our attention, for instance, to f. 88, where a note in Hebrew tells us that it got pawned in 1646.
Screenshot of the pawnbroker’s note on f. 88 of Historia Destructionis Troiae.
And further down the page, someone, in the 17th c., wrote a love declaration and a poem in Venitian dialect.
The description also points to the instructions for the illuminator scribbled by the editor on some pages, like the ones at the bottom of the page 49r at the beginning of this post:
Cologny, Fondation Martin Bodmer, Cod. Bodmer 78, p. 49r (www.e-codices.unifr.ch).
Author’s note: Screenshot of the editors’ notes; the one I circled in red says: “fa qua de sovra Troia como lo re Priamo xe (?) in lo so palazo in una gran sala . . . et fa li con le gran barbe” (above, do [paint] Troy, how King Priamus is in his palace in a big room . . . and to them with long beards).
Moreover, from any page of an e-codices digital manuscript, with just one click, you can browse and search all the e-codices collections, or e-mail that page to yourself or others. The correct bibliographical reference gets added automatically to the e-mail.
Innovation and tradition
The e-codices project also highlights eerie similarities in how people dealt with “text objects” back when manuscripts were created and in our electronic era. Just as the editor, scribe, illustrator, and owners of the Historia Destructionis Troiae collaborated in the creation of the manuscript and added their notes to it, you can now add notes – as relevant or irrelevant as the original ones – to any part of a digitized page with tools like Diigo. You can keep these notes to yourself or share and discuss them further with a group or with all readers (see “Links” below).
One thing has changed, though: as we saw, the manuscript of Historia Destructionis Troiae was pawned by one of its owners. This cannot be done with its digital version.
Usability and durability through openness
Of course, this does not mean that digital content cannot be monetized. It can, but not by putting proprietary electronic barriers around it: as I showed in Unhide this Hidden Text, Please about the ActivePaper software and the archives of the Journal de Genève, such barriers only hamper study – and access by people with disabilities. But they are a totally ineffective “intellectual property protection.”
Conversely, the useful features of e-codices are made possible by a judicious combination of several OpenSource software programs, as explained in the New Web Application [7] page of e-codices. Moreover, this choice of OpenSource also ensures the durability of the e-codices archives because, even if the programs evolve, they will always be able to reconstruct them from their source. Whereas archives powered by proprietary software only last as long as the applications are supported by the firms that produce them.
Like the archives of the Journal de Genève, e-codices does not have a commercial aim. However, the absence of proprietary electronic barriers does not mean that others are free to exploit its material commercially. Instead, in its Terms of Use [8], the e-codices team explains very clearly what can be done under what conditions for noncommercial use; it also explains that permission must be requested for commercial use. This approach is also more effective in that users who benefit from it are more likely to defend it (see Wikipedia: Wikipedia Signpost/2006-01-02/Reporter plagiarizes Wikipedia [9]) than if they are hampered by technological “protections” that are insultingly assuming their dishonesty.
Links
The links in this post and a few other pertinent ones have been gathered under http://www.diigo.com/user/calmansi/e-codices+innovate. Some of the links are to pages with annotations, as described in the “Innovation and tradition” section above. You can see the annotations either by clicking on “Expand” on the right of the link, or on “All Annotations” below – which also allows you to add your own comments.
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tagged: ActivePaper, Benoît de Sainte-Maure, Bodmer Foundation, Chaucer, Chaucer Web Site, digital manuscript, Diigo, E-codices, Fondation Martin Bodmer's Museum and Library, Gaston Gallimard, Guido de Columnis, Historia Destructionis Troiae, History of the Destruction of Troy, Homer, intellectual property, Jane Zatta, John Lydgate, Journal de Genève, King Priamus, New Web Application, Nouvelle Revue Française, OpenSource, pawnbroker, protection, Rafael Schwemmer, Roman de Troie, Shakespeare, Sylviane Messerli, Terms of Use, text objects, Troilus and Cressida, Troilus and Cryseide, Troy Book, Unhide this Hidden Text, Venitian, Virtual Manuscript Library of Switzerland, Wikipedia | 2 Comments »
The $10 Indian Laptop: Implications?
Posted on February 13, 2009 by JimS
(Update Jan 25, 2011: this post was initially posted on I-blog, then imported here. As I-Blog since disappeared, the original internal links don’t work anymore. I’m adding the working links to the imported versions of the posts in that discussion between square brackets. – Claude Almansi,)
On February 3, after a tremendous amount of hype, India’s $10 laptop was finally unveiled. In anticipation of the event, Jim Morrison, Innovate editor-in-chief, distributed an eblast to Innovate board members, which was followed up by Jim Shimabukuro’s I-Blog post “India: $10 Notebooks for Students” [now at: etcjournal.com/2009/02/02/india-10-notebooks-for-students] on February 2. As we all know by now, the Sakshat “laptop” turned out to be a computing device, a far cry from a computer. In the aftermath, Shimabukuro put out a call for articles: What are the implications of the Sakshat or a similar cheap computer device for education?
Four I-Blog writers responded to the call :
David G. Lebow, Ten Dollar Computers and the Future of Learning in the Web Era [now at etcjournal.com/2009/02/13/ten-dollar-computers-and-the-future-of-learning-in-the-web-era]
Dale W. Lick, Effective Learning Requires More than Cheap Technology [now at etcjournal.com/2009/02/13/effective-learning-requires-more-than-cheap-technology]
Claude Almansi, Sakshat Is a Learning Program – Not a Laptop [now at etcjournal.com/2009/02/13/977].
Jim Shimabukuro, End of the Computer Era [now at etcjournal.com/2009/02/13/end-of-the-computer-era]
Also see:
Harry Keller‘s comment, “It’s not the hardware; it’s the software!”
Judith McDaniel‘s response to Lick’s “Effective Learning Requires More than Cheap Technology.”
The I-Blog community of writers hopes you’ll enjoy the articles and decide to post a comment or submit a brief article of your own (email it to jamess@hawaii.edu). To post a comment, click on the title of any article in the group and scroll down until you see the composing box.
Filed under: Uncategorized | 1 Comment »
Ten Dollar Computers and the Future of Learning in the Web Era
Posted on February 13, 2009 by JimS
By David G. Lebow
Guest Author
I was in the eighth grade sitting in a first-year French class. As Mr. Woodward passed back our quizzes from the previous day, he announced that the results were uniformly abysmal. Although he was not recording any grades, he emphasized that he had made many corrections to our work. When Mr. Woodward handed me my quiz, which was covered in red marks and marginalia, I glanced at it briefly, crumbled it up, and tossed it from my second row seat into the waste basket. As I vividly recall, Mr. Woodward was outraged at my behavior and demanded that I fetch my crumbled quiz from the trash. The next time the class met, Mr. Woodward told me that he had discussed the incident at the faculty meeting the previous afternoon, and the story had created quite a stir. Looking back with the benefit of 50 years of research in the learning sciences, I see my behavior as an unconscious act of defiance. I was a product of the system, and according to the rules that “they” had set, school was about earning good 
grades (i.e., a performance rather than learning orientation). In my preconditioned mind, if the quiz didn’t count toward my grade, it was irrelevant.
What has this anecdote to do with a discussion about $10 computers for everyone? When someone proposes a solution to a problem, my colleague at FSU, Roger Kaufman (needs assessment and planning are his domains), likes to ask, “For what problem is this the solution?” If teaching and learning activities do not reflect knowledge and best practices from the learning sciences (e.g., establish a classroom culture that promotes a learning orientation), putting a computer into the hands of every child on the planet is not likely to have the desired effect of establishing universal opportunity for learning and self-actualization.
In an essay entitled “The Next Information Revolution” (1997), Peter Drucker suggested that the current information revolution will have a transformational effect on society only when new technology realizes its potential impact on the meaning of information. In the context of education, computer technology is one element in the formula for triggering a transformational impact on education. Ultimately, the future of learning in the web era will not only include computers and related technology but also access to the digital storehouse of human knowledge, social software for collaborative knowledge-building activities, cognitive tools powered by a combination of human and machine intelligence, and, perhaps most critically, teaching, learning, and assessment practices consistent with the learning sciences. For example, this includes applying what we know about the role of emotional and social context in learning, characteristics of proficient learners, differences between novices and superior performers, milestones along the trajectory from novice to expert, and authentic assessment for both measuring and supporting learning.
Internet “juggernauts” Google and Microsoft see the future of information technology in an ever-expanding digital storehouse of human artifacts linked together in one searchable information universe. In this vision, sprawling server farms will provide anytime, anyplace access to virtually everything ever written or recorded. As this vision moves toward becoming a reality, individuals and entities who learn to leverage this information storehouse will be the big winners. From this perspective, innovations in social software, cognitive tools, and teaching, learning, and assessment practices will change the cognitive architecture (i.e., how information is organized inside the mind) of people who engage in these practices and accelerate the journey along the trajectory from novice to expert. In sum, the future of learning in the web era must engage participants in computer-enhanced practices that harness the cognitive and social-interaction potential of knowledge-based social networks and accelerate learning, creativity, and improvements in performance of members. Stated more succinctly as a “general theory of learning in the web era,” to borrow a phrase from Jim Shimabukuro, computer technology (e.g., $10 computers) + access to the digital storehouse of human knowledge + social computing + cognitive tools + teaching and learning practices consistent with the learning sciences + leadership to catalyze change = transformation of education.
Filed under: Uncategorized | 12 Comments »
Effective Learning Requires More than Cheap Technology
Posted on February 13, 2009 by JimS
By Dale W. Lick
Guest Author
As David Lebow and others explain, $10 computers could have a major influence on the advancement of learning, but it takes more than cheap computers to turn around learning systems that have been ingrained in our education systems, culture, and practitioners for many decades.
The national report, Education Counts 2007, gives us a snapshot of this situation: “. . . few states have put in place policies to ensure that teachers and students can make constructive use of that technology.” With so much powerful technology available and with such a comprehensive integration of it into education, why have we enjoyed so little success in using technology to substantially improve learning processes?
The effective use of technology to improve learning processes turns out to be a far greater “change problem” than most leaders and practitioners appreciate and one that is inconsistent with the rigid and powerful cultural aspects (i.e., assumptions, beliefs, and behaviors) of education. Among the key reasons for this limited success are (a) the all too common “cultural paralysis” in education, (b) the lack of adequate transformational leadership for providing the necessary “learning vision,” “change sponsorship,” and relevant “circumstances and rewards,” and (c) few proactive professional faculty development programs that meaningfully prepare faculty change methods, “change creation,” that provide approaches for long-term improvement.
Culture. The single most important factor for why there has been only limited success in effectively applying technology meaningfully in education is the culture, including professional, organizational, educational and people aspects of the culture! It truly is the “elephant in the room” relative to effectively transforming learning and educational practices. Daryl Conner in Managing at the Speed of Change (1993, p. 176) relates that whenever a discrepancy (inconsistency) exists between the current culture and the goals of a change project, without serious intervention, the culture always wins. This is cultural paralysis: the very culture that gives education its great stability also stands in the way, potentially inhibiting major progress in new directions. To effectively align an organization’s culture with a decision to change often requires developing assumptions, beliefs, and behaviors that are consistent with the new desired outcome, a culture shift.
Transformational Leadership. Traditional leadership and management are important elements in creating the future, but not adequate! What is required is transformational leadership. Transformational leaders are distinguished by their ability to bring about meaningful innovation, successful change and transformation, and broad-based effectiveness. Transformational leaders:
- See the big picture, create shared values and vision, and empower and inspire others in the organization
- Serve as an institutional model by respecting others’ ideas and skills and developing trust and integrity
- Are committed to learning, sharing, and relearning by all
- Understand the essentials of change, share them broadly, and execute them effectively
- Develop sharing and relationships, team building and synergy, and learning communities across the institution
- Create an environment that nurtures excellence, risk taking, and creativity
- Provide fair and balanced reward and incentive systems
Faculty Development. The “rubber meets the road” with the faculty! Either they make it happen or it just doesn’t happen. To have successful outcomes from the application of new learning and technology systems in education, the faculty must be engaged, prepared, 
supported, rewarded, and committed beyond their normal roles. This has just not happened in most faculty development efforts in educational institutions and programs, and reflects a major reason as to why we have been so ineffective in the meaningful integration of technology into education.
Although technology has been helpful in numerous ways in education, our success in improving student learning and increasing productivity has been at best spotty and, in general, limited. The culture and other unique characteristics of education have been far more difficult to overcome than initially expected and will require much deeper understandings of learning research and a far greater appreciation of genuine change principles than present commitments have shown.
Filed under: Uncategorized | 3 Comments »
Sakshat Is a Learning Program – Not a Laptop
Posted on February 13, 2009 by JimS
By Claude Almansi
Staff Writer
Jim Shimabukuro’s India: $10 Notebooks for Students post (February 2, 2009, with several updates) well illustrates the misunderstandings caused by the misleading description of the Sakshat device as a “laptop.”
If a toddler expects savory rice and is served sweet rice pudding, chances are that s/he’ll spit the first spoonful. And that’s what most reviewers of the Sakshat device quoted by Jim Shimabukuro did when they found out it was not the laptop they expected, instead of discussing the actual potential of its several connection means (ethernet, wireless, USB) and its use in the context of the Sakshat program.
Something without a monitor and without a keyboard is not a laptop. However, a device that can work with a TV monitor and with a printer may well be a very interesting alternative to a laptop for distance education in places where internet connectivity and money are scarce. Moreover, as Harry Keller says in his comment to Jim Shimabukuro’s post, “It’s not the hardware; it’s the software” that counts, and Sakshat is first and foremost an education program, with a resource and interaction portal in http://www.sakshat.ac.in/ . The device is just one tool of this program but might be of crucial importance for students to be able to work at home, without an internet connection, on material either printed or saved in digital form.
The brouhaha about the Sakshat device reminds me of precedent misunderstandings due to misnomers, for instance:
In December 2006, a €50 package comprising a USB key with OpenOffice, Thunderbird and Firefox, plus a 5-year subscription to a storage site and web e-mail got touted as an “ecoPC,” with high-sounding arguments about ecology and free software ethics, though the USB key only worked with Windows computers and, of course, a USB key is not a PC by any stretch of imagination. Moreover anyone could install these software on a USB key, and there already were heaps of free and for-free online document storage and web e-mail options.
In fall 2007, the online “IT-Fitness” test, purporting to assess people’s competencies in the use of information technologies, was launched in great 
pomp: in Germany by Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel and in Switzerland by Minister of Economy Doris Leuthard. The idea of the test was first aired by Bill Gates in Ingolstadt (DE) in 2006, and therefore the criticism first centered on its Microsoft bias – staunchly denied by Ms. Leuthard in the same interview where she said she had not taken the test yet. While most questions do indeed bear on MS products, the main problems were elsewhere: the test only assesses knowledge about some IT features, but not people’s capacity to use them. Above all, there is no verification of the testee’s identity: this is stated in very small font at the end of the “certificate” one can download and print or add to an e-portfolio, but not in the assessment report. As I write this, 1,152,247 people have taken the test in Germany and 20,996 in Switzerland, “qualifying themselves for the future” as the respective www.it-fitness.de and www.it-fitness.ch sites misleadingly state (further links gathered in http://www.diigo.com/user/calmansi/itfitness).
Now there is a big difference between these last two misnomers and calling the Sakshat device a laptop. The “ecoPC” was just expensively redundant, the “IT-Fitness test” is useless at best, and maybe dangerously misleading if employers take its certificate seriously. But the Sakshat device, integrated in the Sakshat education program, does open new possibilities, even though, or rather precisely because, it is not a laptop.
Before the misunderstanding was cleared, Jim Shimabukuro asked in his India: $10 Notebooks for Students post: “What impact will the $10 notebooks have on education?” The question still obtains, with a slight rewording: “What impact will the $10 computing devices have on education?” Let us hope that the disappointed reviewers and the educational community will address it, bearing in mind the whole context of the Sakshat program. For instance, suggestions might be made about the http://www.sakshat.edu.in/ portal: there are far more usable and accessible Content Management Systems than the 2003 Visual Studio .NET 7.1 presently used: an inner search engine and the tagging and description of external links, for instance, would facilitate the search for specific resources.
Such small details could more easily be fixed if there is a discussion based on the real thing, instead of focusing on the hype “laptop” word. When toddlers get reconciled to the existence of sweet rice pudding, they sometimes come to appreciate the stuff for what it is instead of spitting it out. Let’s hope tech reviewers show the same learning curve.
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End of the Computer Era
Posted on February 13, 2009 by JimS
By Jim Shimabukuro
Editor
In late January, we began to hear about the unveiling of India’s $10 laptop on February 3. The news got the media’s attention, and when the day finally arrived, the anticipation worldwide was palpable. Then, as the day wore on and the silence became underwhelming, news gradually leaked into the web that the Rs-500 or Sakshat was not a computer but a computing device. The excitement quickly turned to deprecation. The bang turned out to be a whimper, what the Times of India refers to as a “damp squib.” It seemed we’d been had.
But had we?
What exactly is a computer anyway? Right now, I’m writing this article at my neighborhood Starbucks on a $350 laptop the size of a large paperback novel. It came with everything you’d associate with a computer, including 1GB of RAM, a 120GB hard drive, Windows XP, wireless and ethernet connectivity. As a laptop, it does all the computing I need to do, including working online. For example, when I checked my email earlier, I found a message from my daughter, who uses her iPhone, which is a little smaller than a Hershey’s chocolate bar, to surf the web and read/write email.
When I envision my Aspire One and my daughter’s iPhone side by side, I can’t help but see a continuum, an evolutionary chain. In this chain, the computer gradually evolves into a web interface device, or WID 
(pronounced “wide”), which integrates web and standard phone capabilities. My laptop is at the juncture of that shift, and further up the line is the iPhone.
And in between the two, I see what some are calling netbooks or nettops that look and behave like computers but rely on the web for applications, storage, and information. These hollowed-out computers are really just WIDs, with a keyboard for input, an LCD for output, and a minmal CPU to access and process web information.
This in-between stage is where I imagine the brick-sized Sakshat residing. It’s a WID on what might be a dead-end tangent or short-lived link. It doesn’t have a keyboard or an LCD. Its limited CPU will probably allow the unit to function independently or in tandem with a computer for web and other applications. The onboard memory for storing information will more than likely give way to web-based sources. In short, in its current configuration, it’s more a prototype than a finished product.
But the Sakshat’s role doesn’t end here. It may be the precursor to WIDs of the future, that is, if we can imagine an iPhone without its soft keyboard or LCD. The major drawback of the iPod and similar devices is the keyboard and display. They’re too small. But there will come a time when other forms of input such as voice will replace keyboards and other types of display such as projections or paper-thin sheets that can be folded or rolled up will supplant LCDs. Freed from the design constraints of keyboards and displays, these future WIDs will be much smaller than the chunky Sakshat and the candy-bar-sized iPhone.
The important point is that, without a keyboard and display, the WID won’t look like a computer. With its built-in functions limited to simply interfacing with the web, we’d be able to carry them on keychains much as we do thumb drives. When we arrive at this stage, when WIDs are more like the Sakshat than a laptop, I don’t think we’ll call them computers anymore. The computer era will have run its course, and it will be replaced by the WID era.
And WIDs will usher in the possibility of a whole new approach to education and learning. I can imagine them being mass produced for anywhere from $15 to $50 dollars. Everyone in the world will have cheap and easy access to the networking and information available on the web. WIDs, in conjunction with widely available Wi-Fi access, will literally turn anywhere and anytime into a classroom for learning, obviating the need for prohibitively expensive schools and campuses, construction and maintenance.
When that time arrives, we probably won’t remember the Sakshat except as an odd bump in the evolution of web interface devices.
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Hybrid vs. Completely Online
Posted on February 7, 2009 by JimS
It isn’t a matter of online or F2F, but, rather, completely online or hybrid. On one side is Eskow, who argues for completely online instruction, and on the other are Zimmerman and Heeter, who argue for a hybrid approach that includes both online and F2F strategies. Heeter’s version of F2F, though, combines F2F and online participants in synchronous sessions so it’s technically a hybrid variation. Please join this discussion by posting your comments at the end of any of the articles listed below. If you’d like to publish a longer piece on this topic, email a copy to Jim Shimabukuro at jamess@hawaii.edu
The 375-Billion Dollar Question. And the New Agora by Steve Eskow
Access: The New Imperialism? by Lynn Zimmerman
The Campus: The Old Imperialism? by Steve Eskow
Steve Eskow: An Open E-University
Adventures in Hybrid Teaching: The First Day Is the Hardest by Carrie Heeter
Online Hybrid as Asynchronous, Co-present, and Remote by Carrie Heeter
Hybrid, Online, or F2F – It Depends by Lynn Zimmerman
It Depends – On the Economics of Education by Steve Eskow
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tagged: Completely, Eskow, F2F, Heeter, Hybrid, hybrid variation, Online, synchronous, Zimmerman | Leave a comment »
It Depends – On the Economics of Education
Posted on February 6, 2009 by JimS
By Steve Eskow
Editor, Hybrid vs. Virtual Issues
Lynn (“Hybrid, Online, or F2F – It Depends“), as you and Carrie (“Online Hybrid as Asynchronous, Co-present, and Remote“) and all of us agree: it depends. And perhaps it depends on some matters you haven’t mentioned.
For example, it depends on whether your students can get to campus, have the auto or the bus fare, have the baby sitter or husband who will babysit. Those who can’t may take their graduate study in an all online program.
You’re a researcher, Lynn, so I can ask this: Is it possible that the agreement you report – your students and you having similar opinions in favor of hybridity – is a result of their clear awareness of what you’d like them to think? Would they give me the same opinions you get if you weren’t in the room? If I were your student and clearly aware of your views, I don’t think I’d want to risk offending you by suggesting that I’d just as soon have all the sessions online.
I’m a bit troubled by your frequent references to students who are better at expressing themselves orally than in writing. I’m not sure the best pedagogic response to that common feeling among students is to go with it. Perhaps those students weak in writing are those most in need of more practice.
Increasingly we hear of students resisting buying the required textbooks and, crucially, resisting reading them. And I hear of teachers in this age of student evaluations who react to this resistance by respecting it: less reading and writing, in an age where the new technologies put a premium on the reader (of blogs, if nothing else) and the writer (of blogs, if of nothing else). Might we as a profession need to take a stand on more writing in academic instruction?
As I’ve indicated, my own work is in the poor countries and is influenced by the economics of building-based education as well such other social impacts as the disruption of communities. I’d be willing to bet with you, Lynn, that as the economic situation in the US worsens we’ll experience lots less resistance to technology-mediated education by taxpayers, teachers, and students. Those buildings your students come to are a technology that costs millions to construct and maintain.
It does indeed depend.
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tagged: asynchronous, building-based, buildings, Carrie, Co-present, communities, construct, disruption, economics, Economics of Education, Education, F2F, Hybrid, hybridity, It depends, Lynn, maintain, Online, remote, Steve Eskow, students, taxpayers, teachers, technology-mediated | 1 Comment »
Hybrid, Online, or F2F – It Depends
Posted on February 6, 2009 by JimS
By Lynn Zimmerman
Editor, Teacher Education
In her articles, “Adventures in Hybrid Teaching: The First Day Is the Hardest” and “Online Hybrid as Asynchronous, Co-present, and Remote,” Carrie Heeter addressed the issues that face teachers and students in a hybrid classroom, including technical, personal, and pedagogical. How the classroom environment is shaped by these issues is summed up in Carrie’s response to a comment by Steve Eskow, which appeared in “The Campus: The Old Imperialism?” Carrie said, “It depends.”
Her account of the issues and reader responses to her articles highlights the complexity of online versus face-to-face teaching and combinations thereof. In any classroom environment the technical, personal, and pedagogical issues are interconnected, making “it depends” a legitimate answer. For example, questions of whether live instruction is less demanding than online depend on the goals and objectives of the course; what kind of technology the teacher and students have access to; and the personal circumstances, personalities, attitudes, and motivations of the students and the teacher.
A graduate course that I teach, Multicultural Education, provides an illustration of this interconnectedness. The students are full-time teachers, and the course is offered in the evening at a regional campus. The course has evolved from a face-to-face class using one online discussion a semester to a hybrid using asynchronous discussion boards for student interaction online as well as face-to-face meetings. The students and I both agree that the hybrid class allows for options and opportunities to engage and interact in different ways.
The online part of the course, as others have mentioned, gives my very busy students an opportunity to engage actively in class without having to drive anywhere. Because it is asynchronous, they can also do it at their convenience, within parameters that they as a group agree upon. Because the forums are written and not oral, it gives those students who are comfortable with and good at writing a chance to engage the material in a different way and at a different level than face-to-face offers. Some of these students even try to engage their classmates more actively in the discussion. However, some of the students write enough to fulfill the assignment requirements and do not go beyond that.
The face-to-face format offers advantages as well. First of all, there are some students who are better at expressing themselves orally than in writing. Face-to-face discussions give them the chance to engage effectively with the materials and with each other. Face-to-face also seems more open to spontaneity. Perhaps I feel this way because I am a fairly good discussion facilitator. I watch faces and listen to tone of voice. I listen to what is being said and what is not being said, and I guide the discussion accordingly, creating more flow than I often find in my students’ written online discussions. As with the online assignments, some students participate more fully than others, despite my attempts at engaging all the students.
(I can hear someone out there saying, “You take care of the issue of oral discussions by giving your students the opportunity to have them online. Let’s save that discussion for later.”)
In their essay “Preparing the Academy of Today for the Learner of Tomorrow” in Educating the Net Generation (an e-book), Hartman, Moskal, and Dziuban (2005) conclude that what constitutes good teaching practice is universal. “Students believe that excellent instructors:
- Facilitate student learning
- Communicate ideas and information effectively
- Demonstrate genuine interest in student learning
- Organize their courses effectively
- Show respect and concern for their students
- Assess student progress fairly and effectively” (section 7).
I think that hybrid classes serve as one example of good teaching practice because, in order to meet the needs of all of our students, we need to offer them as broad a learning environment as possible.
References
Hartman, J., Moskal, P., and Dziuban, C. (2005). Preparing the academy of today for the learner of tomorrow. Educating the Net Generation. Retrieved February 3, 2009 from http://www.educause.edu/Resources/EducatingtheNetGeneration/PreparingtheAcademyofTodayfort/6062
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tagged: Adventures in Hybrid Teaching, asynchronous, Carrie Heeter, Co-present, Dziuban, e-book, Educating the Net Generation, F2F, full-time teachers, Hartman, Hybrid, interconnectedness, It depends, Lynn Zimmerman, Moskal, Multicultural Education, Online, Online Hybrid, pedagogical issues, Preparing the Academy of Today for the Learner of Tomorrow, remote, Steve Eskow, The Campus: The Old Imperialism?, The First Day Is the Hardest | 1 Comment »
India: $10 Notebooks for Students
Posted on February 2, 2009 by JimS
By Jim Shimabukuro
Editor
Here’s a tip from Innovate‘s editor-in-chief, Jim Morrison: India’s $10 Laptop to be revealed Feb. 3 (Physorg.com, 30 Jan. 2009)
I’ll be adding more sources to this post as they become available. In the meantime, please submit posts of your thoughts re this new development. What impact will the $10 notebooks have on education? or Is it really possible to produce a useful notebook for $10?
UPDATE 2/2: “Early reports of the cheap laptop suggested that it would cost only 500 rupees (£7). However, this could be a mistranslation, because transcripts of the speech, in which it was unveiled, mentioned it costing $10 (£7) but this was later corrected to $100 (£70).” (“India to unveil low cost laptop,” BBC News, 2 Feb 2009)
UPDATE 2/2: Many other sources are reporting the price at $20, for example, James Lamont in “India to follow $2,000 car with $20 laptop” (FT.com, 2 Feb. 2009)
UPDATE 2/4: $10-laptop proves to be a damp squib (The Times of India, 4 Feb. 2009). Photo below by K.V. Poornachandra Kumar, from The Hindu (4 Feb. 2009).
Additional Sources:
The Times of India, 30 Jan. 2009: Rs 500 laptop display on Feb 3
Expressindia.com (29 Jan. 2009 IST): Govt set to make computers available @ Rs 500
Amarendra Bhushan, CEOWORLD Magazine, 1 Feb. 2009: India plans $10 or Rs 500 laptop computers for everybody: Sakshat is it for real?
DWS Tech (1 Feb. 2009): Rs 500 laptop announced by Indian govt. – that’s just $ 10 for a little computer!
Background Sources:
From 247wallst.com (2 Feb. 2009): Will India’s $10 Laptop Kill PC Business? (DELL, HPQ, AAPL, MSFT, RHT)
Gartner Says the $100 Laptop Is at Least Three Years Away 28 July 2008
This is a photo of Nicholas Negroponte’s $100 Laptop. (Photo from One Laptop Per Child.) Click the image for David Kirkpatrick’s “This PC wants to save the world” (Fortune Magazine, 24 Oct. 2006).
Here’s a YouTube video of the Victor-70, a “$10 Educational Computer,” posted on 3 Aug. 2008. Could this be the prototype?
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tagged: $10, Amarendra Bhushan, CEOWORLD, computer, Expressindia, Gartner, India, Innovate, Jim Morrison, Magazine, Notebooks, Times of India | 1 Comment »
Online Hybrid as Asynchronous, Co-present, and Remote
Posted on January 31, 2009 by JimS
By Carrie Heeter
Editor, Games Development
[Editor’s note: The following article was submitted as a reply to a comment by Steve Eskow, which appeared in “The Campus: The Old Imperialism?” Eskow asked, “I wonder how Carrie Heeter feels about hybrid learning.”]
“It depends” is a cop out but also usually true. A major factor in deciding whether or not to be together in the same room is how motivated students are not to have to come to campus every week to be in class. I have found that full-time students who are enrolled in an on-campus program are most resistant to fully online classes. They are used to and enjoy the presence of fellow students, and they have organized their lives to be able to go to classes. The familiarity of in-person togetherness overshadows potential benefits of fully online learning. Those exact same individuals welcome a fully online summer section, enabling them to go home (or anywhere else) for the summer but still complete requirements toward their degree.
Students who live a long distance from campus, those with full-time jobs, and parents of young children are much more likely to welcome a class that they can attend from home. Here, too, the convenience of fully online outweighs perceived and actual limitations of technology.
I would like to add a distinction regarding online class sessions. They take three different forms: asynchronous, synchronous-physically present (co-present), and synchronous-but-online (remote). Each has different teaching affordances. Physically present requires a building.
As a teacher, quality of teaching and learning is another critical factor. I live in San Francisco and teach at Michigan State University. So it is a given that my students are going to have a distant professor. I get to decide whether to teach fully online, to require them all to go to an on-campus classroom almost like a “normal” in-person class, or to do something hybrid (asynchronous, co-present, or remote).
For eight years I exclusively taught fully online. Then I started adding an hour of optional “in-person” time huddled around a conference phone in a conference room. I didn’t know exactly what to do with that hour, but it seemed to add something the students had been missing. Then I had some students who didn’t want to go to campus so about a third attended via free conference.com audio and Breeze for PowerPoint, and two-thirds were physically together in the conference room, also linked by Breeze and an audio conference call. This mixed mode is a bit bizarre but meets both the co-present and remote students’ needs.
This fall I taught an in-person class that met in a classroom, live, three hours every Wednesday night. The only reason this happened is that I stepped in to teach this already scheduled class at the last minute. But I learned a huge amount trying to figure out how to make three hours of live class vitally interesting with a Skyped in virtual professor. It helped me better understand what to do with my live student time.
My current best practice thinking is a hybrid solution. When I am providing linear information, I can offer a much better learning experience if I write documents, craft PowerPoint presentations, and record audio. I do that for mini-lectures, content modules, and introducing assignments. I also package guest interviews with industry professionals. If I want every student to participate, we do it asynchronously (via blogs or uploading project reports).
I use synchronous time for:
- Any questions? (clarifying assignments and concepts works better when everyone is live)
- Breakout small group discussion or activity during class period, followed by synthesis and full class discussion
- Quick review (Q&A – with me doing the Q)
- Thought provoking questions (students volunteer answers, and I sometimes call on random people)
- Student presentations to the class
Because my class this semester turns out to be entirely comprised of on-campus students, everyone – except for me – is in the classroom. Technologically, everything I am doing right now could immediately accommodate remote students. But I don’t have any who want that. At the beginning of a semester, I start with a student survey, to help me decide how to offer the class.
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tagged: asynchronous, Breeze, Carrie Heeter, Co-present, conference.com, cop out, Hybrid, It depends, Michigan State University, Online, PowerPoint, remote, San Francisco, Steve Eskow, synchronous, The Campus: The Old Imperialism? | 1 Comment »
ICT for Development and Education: Exit LIFI
Posted on January 29, 2009 by JimS
By Claude Almansi
Staff Writer
Thanks –
to all members of the LIFI (Laboratorio di Ingegneria della Formazione e Innovazione, or Laboratory of Educational Engineering and Innovation) team [1] for their concrete and theoretical work in the field of ICT (Information and Communications Technologies) for development and education, which I had the privilege to follow rather closely as translator of many of their texts since 1998.
Thanks also to Lynn Zimmerman and Steve Eskow for the discussion they started in this blog on the imperialistic characteristics of online and traditional approaches to teaching: her “Access: The New Imperialism?” and his “The Campus: The Old Imperialism?” articles are very relevant to the social and cultural situation in which the LIFI team had to operate: while Switzerland became technically highly connected fairly early, ICT literacy progressed more slowly, and powers-that-be in education were – and still are to some extent – very wary of these “new” technologies. It is in this background 
that the LIFI team nevertheless managed to offer opportunities for vocational training (both basic and lifelong) via ICT to people living in remote Alpine areas, but also in (African) Guinea, where creating new brick-and-mortar schools would have been much more expensive.
Progetto Poschiavo – LIFI– movingAlps
In 1997, a group of researchers based in Lugano (CH) started organizing sustainable development and training projects that used online technology (video conference, virtual learning platform, e-mail, etc.) to connect people in remote areas with experts from a range of academic institutions.
The success of the first, Progetto Poschiavo (1997-2004), limited to one Alpine valley, led to further projects, among which movingAlps [2] (2004-2008), which covered Val Bregaglia, Vallemaggia and Val d’Anniviers.
These projects were characterized by a multidisciplinary approach combining economic analysis and cultural anthropology, in order to first gather data about the potential resources of the area and the wishes of the inhabitants, and only then help them to structure, finance and enact their own development initiatives.
During movingAlps, these researchers were based at the Università della Svizzera Italiana [3], where they created LIFI [4] and offered courses based on these concrete experiences. But in2008, the university council decided, to put an end to LIFI. There may have been administrative reasons for this decision – the status of LIFI was exceptional – yet it seems rather paradoxical in the year in which Michael Wesch became one of the CASE/Carnegie U.S. Professors of the Year for Doctoral and Research Universities (see [5]) for his own use of cultural anthropology in research and teaching about our present information society.
Taking Stock
Fortunately, the knowledge gathered in these projects remains available in two forms: the texts gathered in the movingAlps Vademecum (downloadable in Italian, German and French from [6]; see also the movingAlps Vademecum discussion in English on Innovate-Ideagora [7]) and in Graziano Terrani’s documentary “Un Successo Condannato” for Radiotelevisione della Svizzera di lingua italiana, which illustrates vividly the activities and results of movingAlps, for instance:
- Punto Bregaglia, a business conference and training centre in Val Bregaglia [8],
- PercorsoArianna [9], which fostered the creation of women’s micro-enterprises,
- minimovingAlps [10], where pre-school children freely photographed their environment, which led to further initiatives, like the creation of a “Gnomes’ Village” playground in Avegno, where the children were directly involved in the design, and Cià c’am va [11], a series of itineraries in Val Bregaglia based on the photographs taken by the local kids, which offers activities for families with young children.
From the site of Cià c’am va [11].
Participants’ Viewpoints
From Graziano Terrani’s documentary (GTD):
Maurizio Michael (Centro Punto Bregaglia): On the one hand, Punto Bregaglia strives to pursue what has been done so far within movingAlps, hence to provide a continuity and to reinforce those activities and initiatives. And on the other hand, it offers a space to local enterprises wishing to grow and cooperate towards the development of our area. . . .
Romana Rotanzi (PercorsoArianna): When movingAlps started here, it seemed aimed at teaching us how to fish rather than at giving us just one fish, I mean that its purpose was to give people the bases enabling them to do a thousand things. I didn’t want to be left out. So I was very pleased when I heard that we could learn how to use computers without having to go to Locarno – which, for me, means one hour’s journey. This training offer arrived when my children had reached school age. And with some cleverness and a few work-arounds, you can do it all, if you want to. I don’t feel in the marginalized anymore, it is as if I lived in Milan – why not? I too can find anything via the internet, now that I know how to use it . . . .
Gaby Minoggio (PercorsoArianna): At first, it seemed to be just a computer course. But afterwards, we discovered that it was a far more comprehensive kind of training, aimed at making women realize and exploit their know-how and potential. And I thought that a training offer here in the valley was an opportunity not to be missed. It was a full evolutionary process for us six women, which now we manage ourselves: training, at first, and then this evolution through our activities . . . . So, obviously, we are satisfied with our involvement.
Logo of the percorsoArianna project.
Outlook?
Giuliana Messi, of the movingAlps team in Lugano, says in GTD:
When you manage a project, it is right to leave it after a while, and let people continue on their own. I think that the 3-4 projects started in Vallemaggia last well. And then there are less visible, yet important, things: for instance, women who participated in percorsoArianna who tell me that they have become reference persons for others, and so on – this is positive empowerment.
And in fact, several initiatives started within movingAlps are still going on after the end of the project. Apart from the Punto Bregaglia business and communication center, in Val d’Anniviers: a census of local architectural and artistic works and a gathering of traditional legends and tales, for instance. Participants have found alternatives to the infrastructure offered by movingAlps. Again, from GTD:
Adriana Tenda Claude (PercorsoArianna): We have opened a blog as a way to replace the room we were able to use for our monthly meetings . . . before, and also, partly, the virtual learning platform we had for the two years of PercorsoArianna. Also to stimulate the development of our projects.
Screenshot of the movingAlps virtual learning platform
Nevertheless, other initiative ideas were not yet sufficiently developed to be able to continue on their own.
Moreover, the work of the LIFI team has been characterized by the use of the data gathered in former projects to start new ones: apart from movingAlps, the initial Poschiavo project had also led to Projet Guinée, in collaboration with the Institut Supérieur des Sciences de l’Education (ISSEG) in Conakry, which aimed at the development of literacy through the creation of cooperative microentreprises (see Amadou Tidjane Diallo, “Aphabétisation, développement communautaire et utilisation des TIC dans la formation,” 2003 [12].
Development process of movingAlps initiatives (from movingAlps Vademecum).
True, the summary of the movingAlps data in the above-mentioned Vademecum (see above and [6]) and in other LIFI publications (see [13]) are available for the development of further projects. But it will not be the same as the possibility to refer to a team working with the necessary infrastructure in one place. Hence the understandable disappointment expressed by its director, Dieter Schürch, at the end of Graziano Terrani’s documentary:
Involving such a conspicuous number of people, creating a team of collaborators from several fields, organizing a series of activities that have enabled these regions to launch sustainable initiatives – and being unable to continue – this is very sad. The fact that we cannot carry on beyond this deadline does not only harm these projects and regions, but also the image of the University where we were working until now, I think.
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tagged: Access: The New Imperialism?, Adriana Tenda Claude, African, Alpine, Amadou Tidjane Diallo, Aphabétisation, Avegno, CASE/Carnegie, Centro Punto Bregaglia, Cià c'am va, Conakry, développement communautaire et utilisation des TIC dans la formation, Dieter Schürch, Doctoral and Research Universities, French, Gaby Minoggio, German, Giuliana Messi, Gnomes' Village, Graziano Terrani's documentary, Guinea, ICT, Information and Communications Technologies, Innovate-Ideagora, Institut Supérieur des Sciences de l’Education, ISSEG, Italian, Laboratorio di Ingegneria della Formazione e Innovazione, Laboratory of Educational Engineering and Innovation, LIFI, Locarno, Lugano, Lynn Zimmerman, Maurizio Michael, Michael Wesch, Milan, minimovingAlps, movingAlps, PercorsoArianna, playground, Poschiavo, Progetto Poschiavo, Projet Guinée, Punto Bregaglia, Radiotelevisione della Svizzera di lingua italiana, Romana Rotanzi, Steve Eskow, Switzerland, The Campus: The Old Imperialism?, U.S. Professors of the Year, Un Successo Condannato, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Vademecum, Val Bregaglia, Val d'Anniviers, Vallemaggia | Leave a comment »
Steve Eskow: An Open E-University
Posted on January 29, 2009 by JimS
By Steve Eskow
Staff Writer
[Editor’s note: This was originally a comment by Steve Eskow on his article, “The Campus: The Old Imperialism?.” It is featured here to generate further discussion on the idea of an open e-university. In your opinion, what do we need to make this dream of a truly open, completely online, almost free, universally accessible university happen? -js]
Tad, what an exciting possibility you’ve opened up: we join or create an “open” university, all instruction online, academics from all over the world.
The New York Times, and newspapers around the world, carried the story of the Israeli entrepreneur [Shai Reshef] now living in California who intends to start an almost-free online university. He’s putting up the first million of the five million US dollars he needs to start.
Perhaps Denise Easton, who knows communication software and is entrepreneurial, can be our organizer.
Filed under: Uncategorized | 4 Comments »
The Campus: The Old Imperialism?
Posted on January 23, 2009 by JimS
By Steve Eskow
Staff Writer
Lynn Zimmerman asks all the right questions in her article “Access: The New Imperialism?” I hope we can find some way to bring others into the discussion since those questions cut to the very heart of the matter of the new technologies—and the old technologies—and the future of education for a world in search of rebuilding.
Here is Lynn’s central thesis:
As I read some of the comments [in Eskow’s article], I started to wonder if this insistence on “getting out of the building” and going strictly to an online format is a form of “technological imperialism.” (See “Aping the West: Information technology and cultural imperialism” by Paul Cesarini.) Although many people have ready access to all kinds of technology, not everyone in the world does. By saying that the brick and mortar classroom is out-of-date and should be disbanded, aren’t we in danger of disenfranchising a large number of people who have no capability of engaging in education through technology? That is not to mention the people who have no interest in and no ability for using technology.
Our difference begins with Lynn’s assumption that we technological imperialists are urging “getting out of the building.” She assumes that the buildings—that old, great, medieval instructional technology, the campus—are already built, available to those who need instruction, and that we are trying to empty them and replace the rich instruction that goes on in lecture halls and classrooms and libraries and media centers with computers.
First proposition: the campus, like the computer, is a technology, an instructional technology.
Second proposition: there are many students for whom the lecture hall and notetaking is a poor instructional technology, and who do not learn much in the conventional classroom
Third proposition: the campus is a very expensive instructional technology. Keeping the building clean and the lawns trimmed and the parking lots patrolled costs—and of course it costs millions to build the campus in the first place. The 26 public and private universities in Ghana, where my work is now, are breaking down: students in hallways because the lecture hall cannot accommodate them, eight students stuffed into a dorm room built for two—and despite all this, only 5% of those 18-22 can be accommodated.
Note, too, that the vast majority of Ghanaians are in rural areas, often remote from the nearest university or polytechnic, which typically are in cities or large communities. To use the instructional technology called the campus the student must leave home and family and live in one of those dorms and sit in one of those lecture halls, if there is a seat for him, or standing room.
That old instructional technology of campus is a form of internal brain drain, taking from the rural areas their best minds and crowding them into the cities.
Current books and journals in that campus library? At current prices? Adequate collections in each of those 26 libraries?
The Nigerian Lynn cited talks about the failures: the computer centers equipped with computers donated to schools unprepared to use them. He does not talk of the thousands of Africans who have no access to good secondary instruction and are debarred completely from higher education unless they are of the elite and can afford to leave home to study—often at a foreign university, perhaps never to return to Africa. Again, the campus as brain drain.
Lynn cites an article re “technological imperialism”: Western technologies promoted thoughtlessly destroy indigenous cultures.
Presumably the author does not consider the British educational system, with its streaming and creaming and building-based universities with campuses and dormitories and maintenance crews and Western-style curricula a form of technological imperialism—but if that language is appropriate for computers it is appropriate for campuses. The university as we know it, then, is a colonial transplant and not an indigenous institution.
There is of course something to worry about, something to look at carefully, in the current vogue of “global education,” the possibility that we are exporting Western ideas and ideologies along with t-shirts and McDonalds. It is important to note, however, that many of those leading the attack on the “digital divide,” urging the creation of new educational forms built on the new technologies—technologies perhaps less expensive in the long run than the old brick-and-mortar technologies—are themselves Third World intellectuals. Indeed, many of them resent the talk of “indigenous cultures” and propose that it means that we want computers for the West and drums and chanting for he South. Those that I work with think they can have both: computers and chanting.
In his Wealth of Networks, Yochai Benkler contrasts what he calls the “industrial age information economy” with the new “networked information economy.” In the old information economy, communicating ideas, knowledge, and culture required expensive capital equipment—printing presses, television studios and the like—and around this equipment the structure of knowledge and its dispersion was built. Although Benkler does not include the university in his discussion of the old information economies, the case seems apparent: to have a “real” higher education system, you must first spend millions or billions for brick and mortar universities, and millions for their upkeep and maintenance.
Now anyone with access to a reasonably inexpensive computer can create and publish video and radio and text, and be part of the new knowledge economy. And be a student in an online university.
And we can put the instructor’s face and voice and instruction online, and send them to a computer in a church basement in a rural community where one or three or five students can use that computer to see the lecture, and engage with the instructor, and discuss the issues with colleagues they don’t see—as I am engaging with Lynn Zimmerman, whom I can’t see, but has contributed to my learning.
It may be, then, that the campus is the old imperialism, and the computer the promise of a new possibility for democratizing education.
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tagged: Access: The New Imperialism?, Africans, Aping the West, British educational system, democratizing education, digital divide, drums and chanting, Ghana, Ghanaians, global education, indigenous cultures, industrial age information economy, Information Technology and Cultural Imperialism, instructional technology, internal brain drain, Lynn Zimmerman, networked information economy, new knowledge economy, new technologies, Nigerian, old imperialism, old technologies, online university, Paul Cesarini, Steve Eskow, technological imperialism, The Campus: The Old Imperialism?, Third World intellectuals, Wealth of Networks, Yochai Benkler | 22 Comments »
Unhide That Hidden Text, Please
Posted on January 22, 2009 by JimS
By Claude Almansi
Staff Writer
Thanks to:
- Marie-Jeanne Escure, of Le Temps, for having kindly answered questions about copyright and accessibility issues in the archives of the Journal de Genève.
- Gabriele Ghirlanda, of Unitas, for having tested the archives of the Journal de Genève with a screen reader.
What Hidden Text?
Here, “hidden text” refers to a text file combined by an application with another object (image, video etc.) in order to add functionality to that object: several web applications offer this text to the reader together with the object it enhances – DotSUB offers the transcript of video captions, for instance:
Screenshot from “Phishing Scams in Plain English” by Lee LeFever [1].
But in other applications, unfortunately, you get only the enhanced object, but the text enhancing it remains hidden even though it would grant access to content for people with disabilities that prevent them from using the object and would simplify enormously research and quotations for everybody.
Following are three examples of object-enhancing applications using text but keeping it hidden:
Multilingual Captioning of YouTube and Google Videos
Google offers the possibility to caption a video by uploading one or several text files with their timed transcriptions. See the YouTube example below.
Google even automatically translates the produced captions into other languages, at the user’s discretion. See the example below. (See “How to Automatically Translate Foreign-Language YouTube Videos” by Terrence O’Brien, Switch,
Option to automatically translate the captions of a YouTube video.
Nov. 3, 2008 [2], from which the above two screenshots were taken.) But the text files of the original captions and their automatic translations remain hidden.
Google’s Search Engine for the US Presidential Campaign Videos
During the 2008 US presidential campaign, Google beta-tested a search engine for videos on the candidates’ speeches. This search engine works on a text file produced by speech-to-text technology. See the example below.
Google search engine for the US presidential election videos.
(See “Google Elections Video Search,” Google for Educators 2008 – where you can try the search engine in the above screenshot – [3] and “‘In Their Own Words’: Political Videos Meet Google Speech-to-text Technology” by Arnaud Sahuguet and Ari Bezman. Official Google blog, July 14, 2008 [4].) But here, too, the text files on which the search engine works remain hidden.
Enhanced Text Images in Online Archives
Maybe the oddest use of hidden text is when people go to the trouble of scanning printed texts, produce both images of text and real text files from the scan, then use the text file to make the image version searchable – but hide it. It happens with Google books [5] and with The European Library [6]: you can browse and search the online texts that appear as images thanks to the hidden text version, but you can’t print them or digitally copy-paste a given passage – except if the original is in the public domain: in this case, both make a real textual version available.
Therefore, using a plain text file to enhance an image of the same content, but hiding the plain text, is apparently just a way to protect copyrighted material. And this can lead to really bizarre solutions.
Olive Software ActivePaper and the Archives of Journal de Genève
On December 12, 2008, the Swiss daily Le Temps announced that for the first time in Switzerland, they were offering online “free access” to the full archives – www.letempsarchives.ch (English version at [7]) – of Le Journal de Genève (JdG), which, together with two other dailies, got merged into Le Temps in 1998. In English, see Ellen Wallace’s “Journal de Geneve Is First Free Online Newspaper (but It’s Dead),” GenevaLunch, Dec. 12, 2008 [8].
A Vademecum to the archives, available at [9] (7.7 Mb PDF), explains that “articles in the public domain can be saved as
images. Other articles will only be partially copied on the hard disk,” and Nicolas Dufour’s description of the archiving process in the same Vademecum gives a first clue about the reason for this oddity: “For the optical character recognition that enables searching by keywords within the text, the American company Olive Software adapted its software which had already been used by the Financial Times, the Scotsman and the Indian Times.” (These and other translations in this article are mine.)
The description of this software – ActivePaper Archive – states that it will enable publishers to “Preserve, Web-enable, and Monetize [their] Archive Content Assets” [10]. So even if Le Temps does not actually intend to “monetize” their predecessor’s assets, the operation is still influenced by the monetizing purpose of the software they chose. Hence the hiding of the text versions on which the search engine works and the digital restriction on saving articles still under copyright.
Accessibility Issues
This ActivePaper Archive solution clearly poses great problems for blind people who have to use a screen reader to access content: screen readers read text, not images.
Le Temps is aware of this: in an e-mail answer (Jan. 8, 2009) to questions about copyright and accessibility problems in the archives of JdG, Ms Marie-Jeanne Escure, in charge of reproduction authorizations at Le Temps, wrote, “Nous avons un partenariat avec la Fédération suisse des aveugles pour la consultation des archives du Temps par les aveugles. Nous sommes très sensibilisés par cette cause et la mise à disposition des archives du Journal de Genève aux aveugles fait partie de nos projets.” Translation: “We have a partnership with the Swiss federation of blind people (see [11]) for the consultation of the archives of Le Temps by blind people. We are strongly committed/sensitive to this cause, and the offer of the archives of Journal de Genève to blind people is part of our projects.”
What Digital Copyright Protection, Anyway?
Gabriele Ghirlanda, member of Unitas [12], the Swiss Italian section of the Federation of Blind people, tried the Archives of JdG. He says (e-mail, Jan. 15, 2009):
With a screenshot, the image definition was too low for ABBYY FineReader 8.0 Professional Edition [optical character recognition software] to extract a meaningful text.
But by chance, I noticed that the article presented is made of several blocs of images, for the title and for each column.
Right-clic, copy image, paste in OpenOffice; export as PDF; then I put the PDf through Abbyy Fine Reader. […]
For a sighted person, it is no problem to create a document of good quality for each article, keeping it in image format, without having to go through OpenOffice and/or pdf. [my emphasis]
| <DIV style=”position:relative;display:block;top:0; left:0; height:521; width:1052″ xmlns:OliveXLib=”http://www.olive-soft.com/Schemes/XSLLibs” xmlns:OlvScript=”http://www.olivesoftware.com/XSLTScript” xmlns:msxsl=”urn:schemas-microsoft-com:xslt”><div id=”primImg” style=”position:absolute;top:30;left:10;” z-index=”2″><img id=”articlePicture” src=”/Repository/getimage.dll?path=JDG/1990/03/15/13/Img/Ar0130200.png” border=”0″></img></div><div id=”primImg” style=”position:absolute;top:86;left:5;” z-index=”2″><img id=”articlePicture” src=”/Repository/getimage.dll?path=JDG/1990/03/15/13/Img/Ar0130201.png” border=”0″></img></div><div id=”primImg” style=”position:absolute;top:83;left:365;” z-index=”2″><img id=”articlePicture” src=”/Repository/getimage.dll?path=JDG/1990/03/15/13/Img/Ar0130202.png” border=”0″></img></div><div id=”primImg” style=”position:absolute;top:521;left:369;” z-index=”2″><img id=”articlePicture” src=”/Repository/getimage.dll?path=JDG/1990/03/15/13/Img/Ar0130203.png” border=”0″></img></div><div id=”primImg” style=”position:absolute;top:81;left:719;” z-index=”2″><img id=”articlePicture” src=”/Repository/getimage.dll?path=JDG/1990/03/15/13/Img/Ar0130204.png” border=”0″></img></div> |
From the source code of the article used by Gabriele Ghirlanda: in red, the image files he mentions.
Unhide That Hidden Text, Please
Le Temps‘ commitment to the cause of accessibility for all and, in particular, to find a way to make the JdG archives accessible to blind people (see “Accessibility Issues” above) is laudable. But in this case, why first go through the complex process of splitting the text into several images, and theoretically prevent the download of some of these images for copyrighted texts, when this “digital copyright protection” can easily be by-passed with right-click and copy-paste?
As there already is a hidden text version of the JdG articles for powering the search engine, why not just unhide it? www.letempsarchives.ch already states that these archives are “© 2008 Le Temps SA.” This should be sufficient copyright protection.
Let’s hope that Olive ActivePaper Archive software offers this option to unhide hidden text. Not just for the archives of the JdG, but for all archives working with this software. And let’s hope, in general, that all web applications using text to enhance a non-text object will publish it. All published works are automatically protected by copyright laws anyway.
Adding an alternative accessible version just for blind people is discriminatory. According to accessibility guidelines – and common sense – alternative access for people with disabilities should only be used when there is no other way to make web content accessible. Besides, access to the text version would also simplify life for scholars – and for people using portable devices with a small screen: text can be resized far better than a puzzle of images with fixed width and height (see the source code excerpt above).
Links
The pages linked to in this article and a few more resources are bookmarked under http://www.diigo.com/user/calmansi/hiddentext
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tagged: ABBYY FineReader 8.0, ActivePaper, Almansi, Ari Bezman, Arnaud Sahuguet, Claude, Digital Copyright Protection, DotSUB, Ellen Wallace, Financial Times, Gabriele Ghirlanda, GenevaLunch, Google, Google books, Google Elections Video Search, Google for Educators 2008, hidden text, In Their Own Words, Indian Times, JdG, Journal de Genève, Le Temps, Lee LeFever, Marie-Jeanne Escure, Multilingual Captioning, Nicolas Dufour, object-enhancing applications, Olive Software, Phishing Scams in Plain English, Please, Political Videos Meet Google Speech-to-text Technology, Professional Edition, Scotsman, screen reader, Screenshot, Swiss, Switch, Switzerland, Terrence O'Brien, The European Library, transcript, Unhide That Hidden Text, Unitas, Vademecum, video captions, YouTube | 3 Comments »
Adventures in Hybrid Teaching: The First Day Is the Hardest
Posted on January 14, 2009 by JimS
By Carrie Heeter
Guest Author
Monday was the first day of the semester, and Monday night, 6:30 to 7:20, is the live component of hybrid TC841, my graduate design research class. Hybrid means a third of class time happens in person, and two-thirds online at the students’ convenience.
This is the first year my department (Department of Telecommunication, Information Studies, and Media at Michigan State University) actually scheduled a class meeting time (yay!), meaning I did not have to begin by finding a time when every enrolled student was available to come to class. In prior years after I found a day and time every student could attend, we would squeeze into the GEL (Games for Entertainment and Learning) Lab conference room.
In spring 2009, we had an actual scheduled time AND place. Room 161 Comm Arts. The room has a projector. What luxury.
My department very generously lets me telecommute, but they do not consider it their responsibility to support my lack of physical presence in Michigan. So, as of Monday morning, I did not yet know how I was going to get to class from my office in San Francisco.
I saw that two students enrolled in TC841 had been my students in a class I taught in fall. Both had been gone over break so I waited to contact them until they returned. At 12:32 Sunday night, I emailed them to ask, “Do either of you have a laptop you would be willing to bring to class tomorrow night, to Skype me in?”
There was no answer when I got to the office at 8am California time. By 9am, I received a “sure!” email from YoungKim. I proposed we start trying to connect at 6, before the 6:30 class.
At 6:08pm Michigan time, I received an incoming Skype call. (Yay!) With some fumbling, my audio worked. He figured out how to connect to the classroom projector, and logged in to and opened Breeze, the TC841 blog, and ANGEL in separate browser windows. I got video of the class via YoungKim’s Skype.
My tablet PC was running Breeze for video (not audio). My desktop PC was running Skype for audio but no video (using a handheld mic) and a second Breeze connection as well as the blog and ANGEL.
Five minutes before class started, Breeze failed on the tablet PC, meaning they lost my video. Reconnecting never worked. My only connected camera was the laptop. But the Skype connection was to my desktop. Video of me was not going to happen.
I had forgotten that the last time I used Skype was showing it to Sheldon on his new laptop, and that while playing around I had turned my image upside down. So most of the class only saw me as a small upside down still image in the Skype window. I’m afraid to go check what I might have been wearing.
Students were still arriving, so some never saw me on video at all. I joked that I hadn’t had time to brush my hair but would be ready for video next week. It is unusual to be able to see the class when they can’t see me. Much better than not seeing them, that’s for sure. When one student walked into the classroom 10 minutes late, he entered a room with 13 students sitting at tables, looking at a projection screen. A disembodied voice (me) said, “Welcome to TC841! The students here are pretending there is a professor.”
Half an hour into class, one of my cats pried the office door open (which I had closed to keep them out). After meowing disruptively for a bit, she jumped onto my keyboard, switching the Breeze window to a mode I’ve never seen before, one where I could not control Breeze or change to any other windows on my computer. (Why would there be a “switch to larger than full screen and freeze all controls” special keystroke command? Just to give cats disruptive power, I think.) At that same moment a student who had logged in to Breeze (as I had proposed they do) took over Breeze and was playing around, resizing his video window, eliminating the class’ and my view of the PowerPoint.
After fumbling for a minute, I quit Breeze (command Q), went to the blog, and opened the PDF handout I had posted of the PowerPoint so I could know what else to talk about. Class moved into a lively discussion about “sampling” methods used in research about media design, and ended on time.
A good time was had by all.
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tagged: Adventures, ANGEL, Breeze, browser, California, camera, Carrie, class, Department of Telecommunication, design research, First Day, Games for Entertainment and Learning, GEL, graduate, Hardest, Heeter, Hybrid, Information Studies, Lab, Media, Michigan State University, PowerPoint, San Francisco, Skype, tablet PC, TC841, Teaching, telecommute, Video, YoungKim | 5 Comments »
A Model for Integrating New Technology into Teaching
Posted on January 10, 2009 by JimS
By Anita Pincas
Guest Author
I have been an internet watcher ever since I first got involved with online communications in the late 1980s, when it was called computer conferencing. And through having to constantly update my Online Education & Training course since 1992, I’ve had the opportunity to see how educational approaches to the use of the internet, and after it, the world wide web, have evolved. Although history doesn’t give us the full answers to anything, it suggests frameworks for looking at events, so I ‘d like to propose a couple of models for understanding the latest developments in technology and how they relate to learning and teaching.
First, there seem to be three broad areas in which to observe the new technology. This is a highly compressed sketch of some key points:
1. Computing as Such
Here we have an on-going series of improvements which have made it ever easier for the user to do things without technical knowledge. There is a long line of changes from the early days before the mouse, when we had to remember commands (Control + X for delete, Control + B for bold, etc.), to the clicks we can use now, and the automation of many functions such as bullet points, paragraphing, and so on. The most recent and most powerful of these developments is, of course, cloud computing, which roughly means computer users being able to do what they need on the internet without understanding what lies behind it (in the clouds). Publishing in a blog, indeed on the web in general, is one of the most talked about examples of this at the moment. The other is the ability to handle video materials. Both are having an enormous impact on the world in general in terms of information flow, as well as, more slowly, on educational issues. Artificial intelligence, robotics, and “smart” applications are on the way too.
2. Access to and Management of Knowledge
This has been vastly enlarged through simple increase in quantity, which itself has been made possible by the computing advances that allow users to generate content, relatively easy searches, and open access publishing that cuts the costs. Library systems are steadily renewing themselves, and information that was previously unobtainable in practice has become commonplace on the web (e.g. commercial and governmental matters, the tacit knowledge of every day life, etc.). As the semantic web comes into being, we can see further advances in our ability to connect items and areas of knowledge.
3. Communications and Social Networking
We can now use the internet – whether on a desktop or laptop or small mobile – to communicate 1 to 1, or 1 to many, or many to many by voice, text and multimedia. And this can be either synchronous or asynchronous across the globe. The result has been an explosion of opportunities to network individually, socially and commercially. Even in education, we can already see that the VLE is giving way to the PLE (personal learning environment) where learners network with others and construct and share their own knowledge spaces.
For teachers there is pressure not to be seen as out of date, but with too little time or help, they need a simple, structured way of approaching the new technological opportunities on their own. The bridge between the three areas of development should be a practical model of teaching and learning. I use one which the teachers who participate in my courses regularly respond to and validate. It sees learning and teaching in terms of three processes:
- acquiring knowledge or skills or attitudes,
- activating these, and
- obtaining feedback on the acquisition and activation.
I start off by viewing any learning/teaching event as a basic chronological sequence of 3Ps:
But this basic template is open to infinite variation. This occurs by horizontal and vertical changes. The horizontal variations are: the order in which the three elements occur; the repetition of any one of them in any order; the embedding of any sequence within any other sequence. The vertical changes are in how each of the three elements is realised. So the model can generate many different styles of teaching and ways of learning, e.g., problem based, discovery based, and so on.
Finally, this is where the bridge to technology comes in. If a teacher starts from the perceived needs in the teaching and learning of the subject, and then systematically uses the 3Ps to ask:
- What technology might help me make the content available to the learners? [P1]
- What technology might help me activate their understanding/use of the new content? [P2]
- What technology might help me evaluate and give the learners feedback on their understanding or use? [P3]
then we have needs driving the use of the technology, and not the other way around.
Here is a simple example of one way of organising problem based learning:
(Click on the table to zoom in.)
I have developed the model with its many variations in some detail for my courses. Things get quite complex when you try to cover lots of different teaching and learning needs under the three slots. And linking what the learners do, or want to do, or fail to do, etc., with what the teacher does is particularly important. Nevertheless, I find that my three areas of new development plus the 3P scaffolding make things rational rather than being a let’s-just-try-this approach. Perhaps equally important, it serves as a template to observe reports of teaching methods and therefore a very useful tool for evaluation. I have never yet found a teaching/learning event that could not be understood and analysed quickly this way.
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tagged: 3Ps, Anita, Artificial intelligence, asynchronous, blog, Communications, developments, Integrating, latest, Library systems, Management of Knowledge, methods, Model, models, New Technology, Online Education & Training, personal learning environment, Pincas, PLE, robotics, scaffolding, smart applications, social networking, synchronous, Teaching, Technology, template, Video, VLE | 1 Comment »
Poetic Faith—the Magic of Belief
Posted on January 9, 2009 by JimS
By John Adsit
Staff Writer
Bill Turque’s January 5 Washington Post article on Michele Rhee’s reform efforts contains this interesting comment in reference to staff development efforts:
- Within the first five years on the job, most enroll in The Skillful Teacher, a program of six day-long sessions devised by Jon Saphier of the Massachusetts-based Research for Better Teaching program.
- Saphier said the program fosters teachers’ belief in their power to lift student achievement despite conditions outside school.
- An independent study in 2004 showed that before taking the course, Montgomery teachers rated students’ home life and motivation as the factors that most influenced learning. After the course, home life dropped to 11th on the list, and teacher enthusiasm and perseverance were described as most important.
A skeptical reader’s response would almost certainly be “So what? What difference would that change in attitude make?” In my experience, it is the most important difference-maker of all, for it is the basis of all other positive change.
In my own teaching, nothing transformed what I did more than adopting that attitude. Once I believed that all students could succeed if I made the right instructional decisions, I became diligent in seeking those approaches, but before that I just accepted student failure as a problem beyond my control.
When I was still a relatively young teacher, I was assigned sections of sophomores with a history of failure in writing. I saw that they universally wrote in fragments and run-ons, so I dedicated the next few weeks to intense, traditional, grammar-based instruction on sentence structure. When I saw scant improvement despite my most diligent efforts, I determined that they were incapable of doing better and moved on. There was no reason for me to change because their failure was their fault.
Not many years later I was a department chairperson trying to improve a school’s horrid writing achievement. I created an innovative (and controversial) approach, and, as a part of it, I assigned myself a class of sophomores with a history of writing failure. Once again, I had an entire class writing in fragments and run-ons, but this time I was armed with a new belief, a belief that they had the ability to succeed if I did the right thing. I therefore abandoned that intense, traditional, grammar-based approach that had failed in the past and did something totally different.
I taught almost all mechanics through editing. In my mastery learning system, students could not get credit for a piece of writing until the conventions met standard. A draft might be met with a response like, “Great ideas and support! This makes a lot of sense! Now, just fix those fragments and you’ll be done with it, and you’ll get a great grade!” Within a few weeks, 100% of the students were writing in complete sentences.
Not long after that, I was part of a research team examining the results of a writing assessment given at the elementary, middle, and high school levels in a low SES area in a large school district. The overall results (a little over 50% proficient) had been reported for each grade level, and we surveyed the teachers to try to get more information. What none of the teachers knew was that none of them had anywhere near 50% proficiency in student performance. Teachers had either nearly all of their students proficient or nearly none of their students proficient. Even though our survey was anonymous, it was therefore easy to tell from their responses to certain questions which camp they were in.
We asked them for their overall beliefs about student achievement, using the kind of wording you see in the Turque article. All the teachers with high success rates believed that their actions were the primary forces determining student success. Every single teacher with high failure rates believed student success was entirely determined by student ability and other factors beyond the teacher’s control.
Just after Turque’s article was published, my hometown newspaper published an article about a similar survey done by the state department of a school with a history of failure to meet No Child Left Behind achievement goals. The school has a large Hispanic population, and the audit revealed that teachers believe that their population is not capable of achieving at a high level on state tests. The report noted that “Some parents and students feel that some of the teachers do not believe that all students can achieve at high levels. . . . It was observed and reported that there are some populations of students held to higher standards than others.”
Once you have accepted a reason for failure that is beyond your control, you are freed from any obligation to try to succeed.
In his Biographia Literaria, Samuel Taylor Coleridge coined the famous phrase “willing suspension of disbelief,” which he called “poetic faith.” In modern terms, this is the human trait that allows us to weep as a movie actor pretends to die. It causes us to jump in fright at the flickering image of a monster on a TV screen.
Poetic faith is a trait that serves a teacher well. The effective teacher looks at every student and thinks, “I believe that if I make the right instructional decisions and follow the right approach for you as an individual, you will succeed, despite all that stands in the way of that success. If I look long enough, I will find the path to your success.” The effective teacher searches education literature for strategies that will lead to that success.
In Disrupting Class: How Disruptive Innovation Will Change the Way the World Learns, Clayton Christensen predicts that technology and online education will transform education because it will enable the teacher to identify student learning needs and take the appropriate steps to meet those needs. That cannot happen, though, until teachers fully believe there is a reason to make that effort.
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tagged: achievement, Adsit, attitude, Bill Turque, Biographia Literaria, Clayton Christensen, Coleridge, Disrupting Class, fragments, Hispanic, How Disruptive Innovation Will Change the Way the World Learns, John, Jon Saphier, Magic of Belief, Michele Rhee, Montgomery, No Child Left Behind, online education, Poetic Faith, Research for Better Teaching, run-ons, Samuel, Taylor, teachers, Technology, The Skillful Teacher, Washington Post, willing suspension of disbelief | 2 Comments »
If We Don’t, Someone Else Will
Posted on January 9, 2009 by JimS
By Harry Keller
Editor, Science Education
The United States is falling behind. For many, that’s not a surprising statement, but others will find it hard to believe.
We see statistics summarizing our declining science education, our lack of world-class Internet infrastructure, and many more. What we haven’t seen much of are examples of us falling behind in innovation. Yet, that’s exactly what’s happening. It’s been predicted for quite a long time now by some more pessimistic prognosticators but not demonstrated.
My field is science, and my current work centers on technology to support science education. It’s no surprise that my example comes from that area. For years, I’ve watched as company after company (and even individuals) make science simulations and attempt to sell them as science “labs.” Of course, they’re not truly labs, but that’s beside the point.
These companies all have produced essentially the same product. It’s a Flash-based animation system wherein students make some choices of parameters and see the result. These animations are two-dimensional and have little support added online for learning and essentially none for tracking. I don’t have to list them here because a quick Internet search for “virtual lab” will give you lots of examples.
So, from where does the first visually appealing, three-dimensional simulation system sold in the United States come from? Turkey! You may have thought of Turkey as some backwater country with lots of small, dusty villages. Not so. It’s a vibrant, secular society that’s put a premium on education in general and science education in particular. Furthermore, they’ve committed to using online education to reach their goal of an educated society. Sebit Technologies has been created by Turkey’s telecommunications leader, Türk Telekom. With all of the money at their disposal, they have made some real waves in online education.
You can bet that Turkey will not be the last place we see new competition for United States education dollars. Unless our country gets moving with true innovation, we’ll watch as more and more foreign-created innovations take over our schools (and other business markets).
As I’ve suggested before, teaching itself could eventually be handled offshore. Your children or grandchildren may be learning from teachers in India or China. That might sound quite cosmopolitan but will have a huge impact on one of our most stable professions — teaching.
We shouldn’t give up without a fight. It’s time for our government to foster real education innovation. I don’t mean with tax breaks or allowing free market forces to work. We must have serious investment by government in technology infrastructure for education. We may even have to put tariffs on these sort of imports for a while in order to get our companies back into the game. The alternative is just to sit back and let the rest of the world take over education in the United States.
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Educational Technology and Change Journal 
